SPIRAL TORSION. 325 



Moiren spoke of this displacement of the floral organs 

 as "speiranthie."^ 



Morren draws a distinction between spiral-torsion 

 or spiralism and the less regular torsion spoken of in 

 the preceding section; in the former case not only 

 is the axis twisted, but its constituent fibres also. The 

 condition in question in some cases seems to be in- 

 herited in the seedling plants. 



The following is a list of the plants in which spiral 

 torsion of the stem or branches has been most fre- 

 quently observed. (See also under Fasciation and 

 Contortion.) 



Hesperis matronalis. Mentha viiidis. 



Dianthus barbatus. Fi-axinus vulgaris ! 



Pyi-us Malus. Sambucus nigra. 



torininalis. Zinnia. 



Cercis siliquastrum ! Pbylica. 



Punica Granatum. Beta. 



Robinia pseudacacia ! Riimex, ep. 



Rubia tinctorum. Ulmus campestris. 



Dipsacus fullonum ! Casuarina rigida. 



gilosus. Abies excelsa ! 



rmelini. Lilium Mai-tagon ! 

 Scabiosa arvensis. candidum. 



Valeriana officinalis ! *Asparagu8 officinalis ! 



dioica ! Sagittaria sagittifolia. 



Galium apaiine ! Epipactis palustris. 



* Mollugo ! Ti'iticum repens ! 



verum ! Lolium perenne ! 



Hippuris vulgaris ! Phleum pratense. 



Veronica spicata. Juncus conglom^iutus ! 



longifolia. Scirpus lacustris. 



Hyssopus officinalis. Equisetum Telmateia. 

 Thymus Serpyllum. limosum. 



Lamium purpureum ! fluviatile. 



Dracocephalum speciosum 

 Mentha aquatica. 



Among the more important papers relating to this 

 subject may be mentioned : 



Moquin-Tandon, ' El. Ter. Veg.,' p. 181. Kros, ' De Spira in plantis 

 conspicua.' Morren, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.,' 1851, tom. xviii, part i, 

 p. 27. Milde, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., 1839. Ibid., 

 vol. xxvi, part ii, p. 429, Equisetum. Irmisch, ' Flora,' 1858, t. ii, 

 Equisetum. Vrolik, ' Nouv. Mem. Instit. Amsterdam,' Lilium. Schlech- 

 tendal, ' Bot. Zeit.,' xiv, p. 69, et v, p. 66. De Candolle, ' Organ. 



' Bull. Acad. Belg.,' t. xvii, p. 19G, " LobeUa," p. 53, c. tab. 



