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flower. The outermost whorls of this flower open at 

 the time when the ordinary flowers of vines do ; the 

 second series are gradually produced, and expand about 

 the time when the ovaries of the normal flowers begin 

 to swell ; a third series then gradually forms, and so 

 on, until frost puts a stop to the growth. This malfor- 

 mation, it appears, is produced annually in certain 

 varieties of vine, and may be perpetuated by cuttings. 



The flower of the St. Valery apple, already alluded 

 to under the head of sepalody, might equally well be 

 placed here. It is not very material whether the 

 second whorl of organs be regarded as a repetition of 

 the calyx or as a row of petals in the guise of sepals. 



Bngelmann^ cites the following plants as occasionally 

 presenting a repetition of the calyx, in most cases with 

 a suppression of the other floral whorls : Stachys lanata, 

 Mi/osotis pahistris, Veronica meclia^ Aquilegia vulgaris^ 

 Nigella dumascena, Campanula rapunculoides. 



Pleiotaxy in the perianth. Increase in the number of 

 whorls in the perianth is common in lilies, narcissus, 

 hyacinths, &c. It may be also met with occasionally 

 among orchids. The lily of the valley {Convallana 

 maialis) seems also to be particularly subject to an 

 increase in the number of parts of which its perianth 

 consists, the augmentation being due partly to repe- 

 tition or pleiotaxy, partly to the substitution of petaloid 

 segments for stamens and pistils." 



In this place may also be mentioned the curious 

 deviation from the ordinary structure occasionally met 

 with in Liliiim candidinn, and known in English gardens 

 as the double white lily. In this case there are *no 

 true flowers, but a large number of petal-like segments 



' ' De Antholysi,' p. 17, tab. iii, f. 15, 16 ; Weinmann, ' Phjtautb. 

 iconogr.,' nro. 292. 



See Hildebrand, 'Bot. Zeit.,' 1862, p. 209, tab. viii; Cramer, 

 ' Bildungsabweicb.,' p. 7, tab. xiii ; Engelmann, * De Antholysi,' p. 18, 

 &.C. For sitnilar chauges in Gayea arvensis see Wirtjen, * Floi*a,' 1838, 

 t. xxi. p. 350, and 'Flora,' 1846, p. 353. Some of tiicso iin- cascH of 

 synanthy. 



