GiiNUXilM. 389 



in spii'al series, is not strictly referable to the present 

 category. 



The orange is one of the plants most frequently 

 subject to an augmentation in the number of carpellary 

 whorls ; sometimes this is due to the stamens assuming 

 the guise of carpels, but at other times the increase 

 occurs without any alteration in the stamens or other 

 organs. If the adventitious carpels be exposed, they are 

 covered with yellow rind, while those portions that are 

 covered by the primary carpels are destitute of rind. 

 Some varieties of the double tuhp are very subject to 

 a similar change, but, in this case, the petals and the 

 stamens very frequently become more or less carpel- 

 lary in their nature. Fig. 196 represents an increased 

 number of whorls of carpels in the variety called '* rex 

 rubrorum," the segments of the perianth having been 

 removed. 



In the St. Valery apple, already referred to, there is 

 a second whorl of carpels above the first, a fact which 

 has been made use of to explain the similar structure 

 of the pomegranate. 



The tomato {Ly coper sicum esculent um) is another 

 plant in which an adventitious series is frequently 

 produced, and generally in combination with the pri- 

 mary series. 



In the Chinese primrose (Primula sinensis) a super- 

 numerary whorl is frequently met with, generally asso- 

 ciated with other changes in the construction and 

 arrangement of the parts of the flower. 



M. de Candolle^ mentions a flower of Gentiana pur- 

 purea with four carpels in one series, and five others 

 in the circle immediately above them. Wigand' alludes 

 to an instance wherein there was a second pair of 

 carpels above the first in Vinca herhacea. Dr. Sankey 

 has forwarded flowers of a Pelargonium having a double 

 series of carpels, eight in the outer row, five in the 

 inner, and this condition is stated to exist in the flowers 



' * Organoffi-. Vcgct..' t. i, p. !H>9, tb. 40, figs. ;. 7. 

 - 'Flora; 1H5H, p. 7ir>. 



