MARKETING 135 



towns to the central markets ; and the latter, the 

 shipments from the central markets to the terminal 

 elevators. The typical central markets for wheat 

 in North America are Winnipeg, Minneapolis, 

 Omaha, Kansas City, and St. Louis. These are 

 all inland cities situated in the wheat country and 

 are focal points of numerous railroads. The 

 wheat in carload lots is shipped from adjacent 

 territory, hence the term short haul. From these 

 cities it is sent by trainloads to terminal markets 

 or export centers. This involves greater distances 

 and so the term long haul is applied. The prin- 

 cipal terminal cities in North America are San 

 Francisco, Portland, and Seattle on the west coast ; 

 Quebec, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore 

 on the east ; and Galveston and New Orleans on 

 the south. Because they also have a large export 

 trade by water route, Duluth, Chicago, and 

 Buffalo are called inland terminals. The terminal 

 cities which are located near the great wheat- 

 producing districts likewise naturally receive a 

 great deal of grain by short haul. 



If distance is considered, the short haul rates 

 comparatively are much higher than those of the 

 long haul. For instance, the rate from central 

 Nebraska to Omaha is 8 cents per bushel for a 

 distance of about 200 miles, while the rate from 

 Omaha to Galveston is only 11.7 cents per bushel 

 for a distance of 1338 miles. 



