NOTES ON GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. 15 



field of commercial pine iii Canada followed mainly the St. Lawrence River as far as Quebec. On 

 Newfoundland the species is indigenous to nearly the whole of the island, and in some parts pro- 

 duces considerable quantities of merchantable timber. At its northwestern limit the forest fades 

 out into prairie, the White Pine gradually disappearing, while at the northern limit the change 

 is into Spruce forest. 



NOTES ON GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. 



Dr. N. L. Brittou, for some years connected with the geological survey of New Jersey, writes of the occurrence 

 of White Pine iu that State as follows: 



Pine Brook Station and sparingly northward along the Southern Railroad of New Jersey (Britton); sparingly 

 3 miles south of Woodbury, Gloucester County (Canby), and frequent in the middle and northern portions of the 

 State. There are no White Pine forests iu New Jersey, and the largest grove known to me is of hut a few acres in 

 extent. It evidently prefers a heavier soil than does P. rigida, which forms the forests of the pine barrens. On 

 Staten Island, New York, there are a few scattered trees of P. strobui. 



Mr. William M. Canby, of Wilmington, Del., reports the existence of a grove of White Pine trees in upper 

 Delaware, and Mr. Thomas Meehan, of Germantown, Pa., states that White Pine grows (or did recently) at the 

 Soapstone quarry, on the east side of the Schuylkill, some 8 or 10 miles above Philadelphia. Mr. Canby adds: "It 

 is a very difficult thing to define the limit of a species that is being so rapidly destroyed, and doubtless the southern 

 line is being rapidly effaced." 



Prof. Lester F. Ward, of Washington, D. C., is of the opinion that Pinus strobus is not indigenous around 

 Washington, and that the few trees met with in wild situations iu its vicinity grew from seeds blown from planted 

 trees. He has never met it in his botanical excursions into southeastern Maryland and Virginia. 



Mr. F. E. Boynton writes from Highlands, N. C. : 



I have seen some very fine specimens growing in Pickens and Oconee counties, S. C., but I have never seen it in 

 this part of the country except in high altitudes, say from 2,500 to 3,000 feet usually. I have never seen or heard of 

 its forming forests here. I have seen groves of a few acres where it might be said to predominate. As a rule, it is 

 found scattered among other forest trees. It nearly always grows in or quite near Rhododendron and Mountain 

 Laurel thickets, which indicate a moist soil. It often grows to be a very large tree here I measured a log in the 

 mill yard near here last night that was 37 inches through. Considerable lumber is cut from White Pine in this 

 mountain region, but, as a rule, the lumber is of inferior quality, being very knotty and often shaky. Cultivated 

 specimens thrive and grow very fast. It is usually found most common on southern exposures. The rock formation 

 is granite, and soil usually a sandy or gravelly loam wherever I have observed the White Pine in this region. 



The following has been furnished by Prof. W. R. Lazenby, of the State agricultural experiment station at 

 Columbus, Ohio : 



From all tbe data in my possession, I should say that White Pino is rarely met with in Ohio outside the borders 

 of two of our northeastern counties, viz, Ashtabula and Lake. Occasionally a sporadic patch has been noted along 

 the banks of streams in some of the eastern counties. I have never heard of its spontaneous occurrence anywhere 

 throughout the central or southern portions of the State. It appears to thrive well here at Columbus and submits 

 kindly to change of soil. Wherever I have seen it in Ohio under artificial cultivation it has presented a thrifty 

 appearance, although the young plants do not make a very rapid growth for the first few years. 



Concerning the occurrence of White Pine near the head of Lake Michigan, Prof. E. J. Hill, of Normal Park, 111., 

 writes: 



It begins at Whiting Station, on the Michigan Southern Railroad, and extends eastward to Michigan City. I 

 came across a clump of White Pine once, about a mile north of Otis, where the Michigan Southern Railroad crosses 

 the New Albany road. * Yon would be pretty safe in taking the Calumet River as the southern boundary. 



I do not know of a single native tree in Cook County, 111. 



Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, 111., communicates the following concerning the occurrence of White Pine in the 

 northern portion of that State: 



In a few localities on Rents Creek and Rays Creek, in Wiunebago County, and giving the name to Pine Creek 

 in Ogle, the county immediately north of this, the White Pine is certainly indigenous, but occurring only as a 

 sparse growth, cresting precipitous banks, where it seems to have found a favorable environment. 



To this Mr. S. B. Wadsworth, of Oregon, 111., adds: 



The White Pine in ( )gl County grows in some cases to a height of 40 or 50 feet. * * * Nearly all the small 

 streams in Pine Rock township have some pines near the mouths of the streams if there are any rocks along the 

 banks. * * The White Pine, prefers the St. Peters sandstone, but in some cases grows on limestone rocks. 



.Mr. K. Williams, of Streator, 111., says: 



White Pine is without doubt a native of La Sallo County. It occurs on the Vermilion and its little tributaries 

 wherever there is an exposure of carboniferous sandstone, and more frequently is seen close to the edge of the 

 highest bluffs, where the soil is largely composed of the disintegrated rock. To find one beyond the influence of 

 tbe sand rock would be almost phenomenal. The number is very small and their situation does not permit them to 

 attain much size. I think that 40 feet is about the limit of height. Small thrifty plants from one to a few feet in 

 height occur here and there, and are sometimes transplanted to the prairie soil, where they make a vigorous growth, 

 outstripping Norway Spruce, Scotch and Austrian Pine, Hemlock, and White Cedar. Pines planted here in 1854 or 

 1855 are now (188(5) about 40 feet high. 



The limiting line of the White Pine beyond the Mississippi northwestward is traced substantially as indicated 

 by Mr. Warren Upham in tbe Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. Mr. Upham sends the following : 



The, White Pine, wherever I have seen it in New Hampshire and other parts of New England and in the Nprth- 

 we-t. prefers somewhat clayey laud. It does not thrive on wholly sandy plains ("modified drift" of glacialists), 



