;{-< THE WHITE PINE. 



difference is not observed. It would appear that in similar soils tbe White Pine grows at about 

 the same rate, with similar persistence, and to the same dimensions in all parts of its range. 



In Europe, too, as appears from a table on page 69, its growth as well as its general behavior, 

 at least in the forests of Germany, is fully as favorable as at home. 



Besides differences as result of soils, an influence of the composition of the forest is noticeable. 

 White Pine mixed with Hemlock (Pennsylvania stations) shows a more rapid growth for the first 

 one hundred and thirty years, while among hardwoods (Wisconsin stations) the next one hundred 

 years seem to produce the thriftiest growth. This is perhaps explained by the fact that in the 

 latter mixture the White Pine has after the first one hundred years its entire crown above the 

 shorter hardwoods, and hence is in full enjoyment of light. 



The so-called "second growth" pine develops somewhat differently, because, as a rule, it does 

 not start in a dense growth, enjoying the light conditions of the open stand, the single individuals 

 make a more rapid volume growth, until they have closed up, and forest conditions prevail. This 

 is fully exhibited in the measurements of young groves in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, 

 tabulated in the Appendix. 



In managed woods, where the number of trees allowed to grow per acre is under control, the 

 volume accretion may also be accelerated; the growth energy of the site being then exerted on 

 fewer individuals, each one deposits larger amounts. What this increase can be may be inferred 

 from the table on page 69, which records the growth of White Pine iu Germany. 



CUBIC CONTESTS OF TREKS. 



Having ascertained by a large number of measurements the diameters, heights, and factors 

 of dhape possessed by trees under all sorts of conditions, the cubic contents of such trees can 

 be calculated and recorded in a table for further use, by reference, in measuring contents of trees. 

 Such table for White Pine of different diameters and heights will be found in the Appendix, from 

 which the contents in cubic feet of the bole of a tree whose diameter at breast height has been 

 measured and whose height has been estimated or measured can at once be read off. 



LUMBER CONTEXTS OF TREES. 



The total cubic contents, being based on mathematical considerations alone, is the only 

 rational measure of the volume. By stating contents in board measure we introduce at once a 

 number of uncertain factors, which are variable in the practice, such as the lowest-size diameter 

 to which logs are taken; the size of the lumber that is cut, from one half-inch boards to square 

 beams ; the saw used, which determines the loss in kerf, and the skill of the sawyer, who can 

 waste a large proportion in slabs and inconsiderate use of the logs. 1 



In these losses there is no allowance made for crooks or rot, which would reduce the results 

 still further, so that hardly one-third of the total volume of the tree would seem to reappear in 

 the shape of lumber, provided the log scales used are correct, which anticipate a loss of 44 per 

 cent (Scribuer) to 50 per cent (Doyle) in sawdust, slabs, and edgings for 14-inch logs, the average 

 size of logs in the northern pineries. 



As a matter of fact, in good modern mill practice, not only does no such waste occur as is 

 indicated in these 'og scales, even if all logs were cut into inch boards, but in addition small logs 

 are worked into dimension material 2 by 4, 2 by 6, 4 by 4, etc., in which the loss is reduced to a 

 minimum; thus an 8-inch log may be cut to 6 by 6 inches. It then would make, if 16 feet long, 

 not 16 to 25 feet B. M., but 48 feet. Since the bulk of our pine material is now obtained from 

 small logs (over one-half below 14 inches diameter), these differences are of considerable practical 

 importance. 



'A careful examination anil measurement of one hundred trees of White Pine was made by Mr. Filibert Roth 

 to ascertain what rational allowance should be made on the cubic contents of trees when converted into lumber. 

 The average dianietn ..f tin- t.-ees measured was 28 inches, breast high with bark, and the height 100 feet, the factor 

 of shape 0.43, that is to say, they were old trees with a moderate taper. They averaged 4.2 logs of 16 feet per tree, 

 which represented 76 per cent of the total volume of the bole with bark, 24 per cent being lost in the top and stump 

 and in the bark. The lumber contents of these logs, calculated by Scribner's log rule, represented only 39.5 per cent 

 of the total volume of the tree, that is to say, over 60 per cent of the whole tree is supposed not to reappear in the 

 lumber, the saw waste representing 48 per cent of the log volume and 36 per cent of the total volume of the tree. 



