AS A FOREST TREE IN GERMANY. 67 



Larch are the tallest and the ArborvitiE the lowest, the remaining conifers heing of about equal height, averaging 

 35 feet. Seventy White Pines were measured, taking all the trees as they came in the rows, and including the center 

 of the plantation. The average diameter, breast high, was 6.2 inches. The branches were dead, but still persistent 

 to a height of 18 to 20 feet. 



At the Bryant nurseries, Princeton, 111., somewhat south of the natural limit of the White Pine, trees that were 

 grown as ornamental nursery stock have been permitted to stand, giving some notion of the growth of the species 

 in the rich prairie loam of that region. The oldest specimens were set in 1858 and were imported seedlings. They 

 are now about forty-two years of age, and average about 65 feet in height. Measured trees range from 9 inches to 

 26 inches in diameter. Norway Spruce of the same planting equal the pines in height, but the average diameter is 

 less. These trees stand about 30 feet apart. On the margin of a natural hardwood grove an acre of the richest 

 prairie land wa* planted to White and Scotch Pine seedlings about twenty-two years ago. The trees were set 3 by 

 4 feet, and have never been thinned. Each species was planted pure, and one of the tallest White Pines measured 

 33 feet high, the average height being estimated at 26 feet. Fifty White Pines, taken as they came in the rows, were 

 measured, breast high, the average diameter being 4J iuches. Scotch Pine showed about equal growth. 



At the Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa, in the center county of the State, a piece of waste land of about 

 3 acres was planted to White Pine, European Larch, Box Elder, Green Ash, and Cottonwood in 1875. The plat 

 occupies a gravelly knoll sloping to the north. The soil is a yellow clay, with much gravel, and of unknown depth. 

 The top of the knoll forming the south side of the plantation is set with pure Larch. The Pine, Box Elder, and Ash 

 are mixed, evidently without order. The original planting was 3i by 31 feet apart, and the trees now average 

 about 10 feet apart each way. The White Pines are estimated to average 30 feet high, and twenty -six measured 

 trees, taken as they came, ranged from 5 to 14 inches in diameter, the average being 8.7 inches. The pines are now 

 the dominant trees of the mixture and are fully 10 feet higher than the Box Elder, which exceed the Ash 5 feet. The 

 following diameter measurements will serve as an additional basis of comparison : 



Inches. 



White Pine, as above (26 trees) 8.7 



Box Elder, as above (23 trees) 4.7 



Green Ash, as above (21 trees) 3.6 



European Larch (planted pure on crest, 26 trees) 6 



Cottonwood (same plat, base of knoll, 14 trees) 10.5 



It should be added that the Cottouwoods stand wider apart than the mixture of Pine, Box Elder, and Ash, 

 while the Larch stand closer together. All were set originally 31 by 3J feet, and the alternate rows have been 

 removed throughout the plantation. 



At Windom, Minn., in the southwest part of the State, Mr. E. Sevatson has included two rows of White Pine 

 in a plantation covering 10 acres. These trees were set about thirteen years ago, when 8 to 12 inches high, and 

 are presumably not over eighteen years old. The two rows of pine are between rows of Arborvitte and Balsam Fir. 

 They are about 25 feet in height, and the average diameter, breast high, of seventeen trees, taken as they came in the 

 rows, was 5 inches. The soil is a stiff clay loam, and the plantation is about 100 feet above the surface of a lake 

 which joins the farm. The entire country is treeless, except for groups of trees on the lake shore and groves along 

 the Des Moines River, 3 miles distant. The White Pine in this location is less vigorous than Scotch Pine, European 

 Larch, or Norway Spruce. 



Fine trees of White Pine, set in single specimens about thirty years ago, are growing at Arbor Lodge, Nebraska 

 City, Nebr., the home of Hon. J. Sterling Morton, ex-Secretary of Agriculture. These stand in bluff soil (a fine loam) 

 about 2 miles west of the Missouri River. A few fine specimens may also be seen in the lawn at the homestead of 

 Hon. A. H. Whiting, at Whiting, Monona County, Iowa, in the deep black loam of the Missouri bottoms. At Brookings, 

 8. Dak., within 17 miles of the Minnesota line, repeated plantings of the White Pine have resulted in failure. At 

 Franklin, Nebr., about halfway across the State, near the Kansas line, this species has failed after extended trial. 

 Very few trees can be seen in Lincoln, Nebr., though it has been repeatedly tested there as an ornamental tree. The 

 diminished amount of atmospheric moisture will necessarily prevent general satisfactory cultivation beyond the 

 western boundary of Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. 



A number of fine specimens of White Pine stand in the lawn of the Rollins homestead at Columbia, Mo., about 

 10 miles north of the Missouri River and halfway between the east and west boundaries of the State. The soil is a 

 clay loam, underlaid with limestone, which outcrops at many places in the vicinity. These trees were planted in 

 1855, when two or three years old, by Col. J. H. Rollins. The largest is now (1897) 29 inches in diameter, breast high, 

 apd 64 feet 9 inches in height. One of the smallest is about 56 feet high and 16 inches in diameter. 



Additional notes of plantations in the West might be given, but the above is sufficient to show the White Pine 

 can be successfully grown somewhat beyond its natural range, but does not well endure the dry conditions of soil 

 and atmosphere which it must meet in the region west of the Missouri River. 



THE "WHITE PINE AS A FOREST TREE IN GERMANY. 



As has been stated, the White Pine was introduced quite early into England, and from there 

 it found its way into various parts of the Continent. In England it remained largely a park tree. 

 In Germany it has been a forest tree proper for over a century, being used quite frequently, on 

 account of its hardiness and shade endurance, as " gap cover" to fill fail places. It has also been 

 planted in many places on small areas as pure growth or mixture with the common European or 

 Scotch Pine (Pinm silvestris) and Spruce. For a long time this " newcomer" was regarded with a 



