ANIMALS OF THE DUNES 



159 



phantes octavus, Theridium spirale, all small and fairly widely 

 distributed, except the first. 



The tree stratum is the one on which the largest number of 

 conspicuous and characteristic forms are found. The pitch 

 moth feeds on the new pine shoots, covering itself in a case of 

 pitch and excreta. Longhorn and metallic wood borers are to 

 be encountered under 

 the bark, or in their 

 tunnels in the wood 

 of the partially dead 

 or wholly dead pines 

 (Figs. 1 60 and 161). 

 Here, too, one finds 

 certain birds and 

 mammals that are 

 more or less confined 

 to the pines. Downy 

 and hairy wood- 

 peckers nest here. 

 The golden-crowned 

 and ruby-crowned 

 kinglets, the black- 

 throated green war- 

 bler, and the pine 

 warbler are abundant 

 during migration. 

 The black-capped chickadee is nearly always present, repeatedly 

 calling his own name. The ruffed grouse is fairly frequent and 

 nests here occasionally or in the adjacent black oaks. The red 

 squirrel that is so constant a feature of the coniferous forests 

 farther north is frequently encountered, as is also the chip- 

 munk (Fig. 162). 



When the stage is set with the plants of the black oak associa- 

 tion the animal dramatis personae change with the changing 

 scenery. This has been designated the ant-lion association. 



FIG. 162. Chipmunk, Tamlas striatus griseus 



