-♦) Independence 



therefor by due course of law ; justice shall be done without 

 denial or delay ; and in all cases not arising under martial 

 law, or upon impeachment, the parties shall have a right to a 

 trial by jury, and to be heard in person, or by counsel, 

 or both. 



Section 7. No person shall be held to answer for a 

 capital or infamous crime, except in cases of impeachment, 

 cases arising in the army and navy, and petty offences, unless 

 upon presentment by a grand jury, and every person criminally 

 charged shall have a right to be seasonably furnished with a 

 copy of the charge, to be confronted with the witnesses against 

 him, and have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 

 his favour ; to have a speedy, public, and impartial trial by a 

 jury of the vicinity. He shall not be compelled to furnish 

 or give evidence against himself; and no person shall for the 

 same offence be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. 



Section 8. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, 

 property, or privilege, but by the judgment of his peers, or 

 the law of the land. 



Section 9. No place shall be searched nor person seized on 

 a criminal charge or suspicion unless by warrant lawfully issued, 

 upon probable cause supported by oath or solemn affirmation, 

 specially designating the place or person, and the object of 

 the search. 



Section 10. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 

 excessive fines imposed nor excessive punishments inflicted ; nor 

 shall the legislature make any law impairing the obligation of 

 contracts ; nor any law rendering any act punishable in any 

 manner in which it was not punishable when it was committed. 



Section 1 1 . All elections shall be by ballot, and every male 

 citizen of twenty-one years of age, possessing real estate, shall 

 have the right of suffrage. 



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