INTRODUCTION. 5 



The paunch is lined with a thick membrane, present- 

 ing numerous prominent and hard papillae. The inner 

 surface of the second cavity is very artificially divided 

 into angular cells, giving it somewhat the appearance 

 of honeycomb, whence its name "honeycomb-bag." 

 The lining membrane of the third cavity forms numerous 

 deep folds, lying upon each other like the leaves of a 

 book, and beset with small hard tubercles. These 

 folds vary in breadth in a regular alternate order, a 

 narrow fold being placed between each of the broader 

 ones. The fourth cavity is lined with a velvety mucous 

 membrane disposed in longitudinal folds. It is this 

 part of the stomach that furnishes the gastric juice, 

 and, consequently, it is in this cavity that the proper 

 digestion of the food takes place ; it is here, also, that 

 the milk taken by the calf is coagulated. The reed 

 or fourth cavity of the calf's stomach retains its power 

 of coagulating milk even after it has been taken from 

 the animal. We have a familiar instance of its opera- 

 tion in the formation of curds and whey. 



The first and second cavities (a and b) are placed 

 parallel (or on a level) with each other; and the 

 oesophagus (e) opens, almost equally, into them both. 

 On each side of the termination of the oesophagus there 

 is a muscular ridge projecting, so that the two together 

 form a sort of groove or channel, which opens almost 

 equally into the second and third cavities (b and c}. 



[As there has not been, as far as I am aware, any 

 appropriate name given to this very remarkable part of 

 the stomach of ruminants, I here take the liberty of 



