ANANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF SELECTION. 1 



INTRODUCTORY SUMMARY. 



The present paper describes a series of experiments aimed at de- 

 termining the causes of the variability in bristle number observed in 

 Dichset, a mutant race of Drosophila melanogaster (ampelophila) . 

 These experiments are discussed under several headings, as follows: 



(a) Selection of plus and of minus variants was carried out. Both 

 plus and minus lines were obtained and were used hi the further ex- 

 periments. 



(6) A plus line and a minus line were crossed, and an increase in 

 variability was observed in F 2 . 



(c) Linkage tests were made, and by this means it was demon- 

 strated that modifying genes were present in the selected lines. 



(d) Evidence against the hypothesis of contamination of allelo- 

 morphs was obtained. 



(e) This evidence, and that obtained by other investigators, is then 

 utilized in a general discussion of the selection problem, and of the 

 hypothesis of contamination of genes. The conclusions are drawn 

 that selection is usually effective only in isolating genetic differences 

 already present; and that genes are relatively stable, not being con- 

 taminated in heterozygotes, and mutating only very rarely. 



DICRET. 



The mutant character known as Dichset was discovered by Dr. 

 G. B. Bridges, July 3, 1915. In an experiment involving the sex- 

 linked characters sable, forked, and cleft there appeared a single 

 female that had wings extended and bent backwards near the base, 

 like those of the mutant bent (Muller, 19146). In addition it was 

 observed that this female had only 2 dorso-central bristles, instead 

 of the 4 usually present. When mated to a male having the mutant 

 character eyeless, this female produced 48 normal offspring and 46 

 "Dichset," thus showing the character to be dominant. 



Bridges's unpublished data show that the Dichset gene is in the third 

 chromosome, approximately 5 units to the left of pink. 



The data published by Muller (1916) give the locus as 9.7 from sepia 

 (the locus farthest to the left of those as yet discovered), and 11.0 

 from spineless, on the right. My own (unpublished) data give: 



Sepia Dichset, 2JL = 14.9 p. ct. Dichaet spineless, = 13.1 p. ct. 

 louy v/oi 



*I am indebted to Mr. J. W. Gowen for much advice and assistance in connection with the 

 statistical treatment of the present problem. He has done a part of the actual calculations, 

 but is not responsible for any arithmetical slips, as I have myself done all the checking. 



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