FAUNA OF THE POST-PLIOCENE. 365 



4. The extinct Mammals with which man coexisted are re- 

 ferable in many cases to species which presumably required a 

 very different climate to that now prevailing in Western Europe. 

 How long a period, however, has been consumed in the bring- 

 ing about of the climatic changes thus indicated, we have no 

 means of calculating with any approach to accuracy. 



5. Some of the deposits in which the remains of man have 

 been found associated with the bones of extinct Mammals, are 

 such as to show incontestably that great changes in the phy- 

 sical geography and surface-configuration of Western Europe 

 have taken place since the period of their accumulation. We 

 have, however, no means at present of judging of the lapse of 

 time thus indicated except by analogies and comparisons which 

 may be disputed. 



6. The human implements which are associated with the 

 remains of extinct Mammals, themselves bear evidence of an 

 exceedingly barbarous condition of the human species. Post- 

 Pliocene or " Palaeolithic" Man was clearly unacquainted with 

 the use of any of the metals. Not only so, but the workman- 

 ship of these ancient races was much inferior to that of the 

 later tribes, who were also ignorant of the metals, and who 

 also used nothing but weapons and tools of stone, bone, &c. 



7. Lastly, it is only with the human remains of the Post- 

 Pliocene period that the palaeontologist proper has to deal. 

 When we enter the " Recent" period, in which the remains of 

 Man are associated with those of existing species of Mammals, 

 we pass out of the region of pure palaeontology into the do- 

 main of the Archaeologist and the Ethnologist. 



LITERATURE. 



The following are some of the principal works and memoirs to which 

 the student may refer for information as to the Post-Pliocene deposits and 

 the remains which they contain, as well as to the primitive races of man- 

 kind : 



(1) ' Elements of Geology.' Lyell. 



(2) 'Antiquity of Man.' Lyell. 



(3) ' Palaeontological Memoirs.' Falconer. 



(4) 'The Great Ice-age.' James Geikie. 



(5) 'Manual of Palaeontology.' Owen. 



(6) ' British Fossil Mammals and Birds.' Owen. 



(7) 'Cave-Hunting.' Boyd Dawkins. 



(8) 'Prehistoric Times.' Lubbock. 



(9) ' Ancient Stone Implements.' Evans. 

 (10) ' Prehistoric Man.' Daniel Wilson. 



(u) 'Prehistoric Races of the United States.' Foster. 

 (12) ' Manual of Geology.' Dana. 

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