20 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 



ever, on this, to the whole study of comparative psycho- 

 logy. The objection holds to some extent even for 

 human psychology; but, as we infer similarity of 

 behaviour in men to denote similarity of inner pro- 

 cesses, so are we justified in the same as regards the 

 lower animals, though it must be conceded somewhat 

 less so. We must always be prepared to admit that 

 there may be psychic paths unknown and possibly 

 unknowable to us in the realm of their inner life. But 

 if we regard man as the outcome of development 

 through lower forms, according to variation with 

 natural selection in a word, if a man is the final link 

 in a long chain binding the whole animal creation 

 together, we have the greater reason for inferring that 

 comparative psychology and human psychology have 

 common roots. We must, in fact, believe in a mental 

 or psychic evolution as well as in a physical (morpho- 

 logical) one. 



It is not inconceivable that special faculties which 

 do not exist in the lower animals have been implanted 

 in man ; but the trend of investigation thus far goes to 

 show that at least the germ of every human faculty 

 does exist in some species of animal. Nor does such a 

 view at all derogate from the dignity of superior man, 

 while it links the animal creation together in a way 

 that no other can. It opens up the subject for genuine 

 scientific study ; it tends to beget a respect for the 

 lower creation, which, while it fosters modesty in man, 

 also furnishes a foundation for broader sympathy with 

 those lower in the scale. The opposite view may lead 

 to our pitying the brute, but can scarcely yield as good 

 moral fruit. Let but an individual man assume that, 

 by virtue of something he possesses, he is radically 

 different from his fellows, and what is the result? 

 Your genuine aristocrat (in feeling) is a sad stranger 

 to humanity in general. 



