PSYCHOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 49 



directly and indirectly, new subject-matter and methods, 

 has set a higher standard of accuracy and objectivity, 

 has made some part of the subject an applied science 

 with useful applications, and has enlarged the field and 

 improved the methods of teaching psychology." 



But what shall we say of the status and prospects of 

 Comparative Psychology ? The works of Eomanes were 

 well known prior to the beginning of the last decade. 

 They may be considered as marking about the first 

 serious attempts to treat the subject of Comparative 

 Psychology in a truly" scientific spirit, and in a form ac- 

 cessible to the intelligent portion of the general public. 

 Much later appeared the books of Professor Lloyd 

 Morgan works which possess the charm of unusual 

 clearness. If Eomanes was open to the charge of claim- 

 ing too much for animals, Morgan is certainly cautious 

 enough to please the most conservative, unless it be 

 those who deny true intelligence to animals entirely. 



It is a hopeful sign of the times in psychology that 

 a professor of philosophy, Dr Carl Groos, of Giessen, 

 has found material for a book of considerable size on 

 the play of animals, a subject which has been treated 

 by him with interest, learning, and critical acumen. 



Animal intelligence is more and more attracting the 

 attention of the professed psychologist and biologist, 

 and that both realise the difficulties of the subject, 

 while its importance is acknowledged, is of good omen. 

 Comparative psychology is now beyond the stage of 

 neglect and contempt, though there are those who seem 

 to think that before we can judge of the mental 

 processes of animals, much greater progress must first 

 be made in the study of the human mind ; in other 

 words, they would take their standards, their criteria, 

 from human psychology. That we must in the end find 

 the clue -to interpretation from ourselves there is no 

 doubt, but is it not the fact that every complicated 



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