THE PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT OF VOTING ANIMALS 147 



the cerebrum is but indifferently active as yet, the 

 lower nervous centres are constantly receiving impulses 

 coming from peripheral parts, the viscera included, and 

 if these are of an abnormal or disturbing character, 

 there result those forms of expression or external re- 

 presentation of the ingoing effects, mostly movements 

 which we can correlate with their causes. Hence the 

 young animal expresses its feelings of discomfort as 

 hunger, cold, etc., by movements, some of which result 

 in cries, whining, etc., and experiments, as well as the 

 behaviour of animals born without the cerebrum, show 

 that the higher parts of the brain may be little 

 concerned. 



The feeling of discomfort from being in an atmos- 

 phere that is not warm enough, is different somewhat 

 from the sensation, likewise disagreeable, of a body 

 too cold being placed against the skin. Effects not 

 confined to the surface, but modifying the whole of the 

 vital processes, result from the former, as it is well 

 known that very young animals cannot exist at all 

 in a temperature below a certain rather high point as 

 compared with that endurable by mature animals. 



Nothing is more striking than the efforts the animal 

 makes almost as soon as it is born to place itself in 

 an environment of comfort. The importance of this 

 instinct just as fundamental as sucking, etc. will be 

 evident when one considers that the vital processes 

 cannot continue except under these conditions. It is 

 even more important than that there should be a supply 

 of food within the first few hours. 



SUCKING. Sucking has been so frequently referred 

 to by writers as an example of a perfect instinct, that 

 I have taken pains to give some details regarding it, 

 and to trace its modifications and final decline. 



It will be observed by any one who will, without 

 prejudice, examine the subject, that sucking is not 



