162 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 



Hence, too, the necessity of abundance of sleep in 

 early life for all animals. 



How important that this state of things should be 

 recognised by all educators in fact, all who have to do 

 with young children, to whom it applies equally with 

 dogs and other young animals ! 



CONSCIOUSNESS. The dependence of consciousness 

 on sensory impressions is readily shown. It was found 

 that bandaging the eyes of the puppies sufficed, on the 

 18th day, to quiet them, and even put them asleep, when 

 in their usual environment (pen). 



This subject is evidently closely akin to the previous 

 ones. While these relations exist all through life their 

 clearest demonstration is in the young animal. 



DREAMING. If mature dogs dream and of this there 

 seems no reasonable doubt the phenomena witnessed 

 in the puppies on the 35th day is evidence of the same 

 state. Growling in sleep was noted as early as the 

 17th day, but I would hesitate to refer this to dream- 

 ing in fact, I do not think such an explanation ap- 

 plicable if the term " dreaming " be used in the same 

 sense in which it would apply to a mature dog having 

 a vision of imaginary events that arouse feelings. 



WILL. It may, perhaps, be doubted if there be any 

 appreciable exercise of will proper during the period 

 when the eyes are unopened ; but on the 17th day, 

 when on the puppy's ear being rubbed gently, he, in 

 addition to scratching, puts up his foreleg occasionally, 

 as if to remove the source of irritation, there is the 

 appearance of volition. At first reflex and voluntary 

 action are much mixed, of which there are many 

 examples to be picked out from the diary, but in 

 some instances cases of pure volition may be found, 

 e.g. when on the 20th day the puppies go to the wall 

 of their pen and attempt to get over it. But even this 

 is to me by no means so clear a case as that of the 41st 



