164 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 



the first occasion on which actions suggestive of those of 

 older dogs, if not practically identical, were manifested. 

 The reader is especially referred to certain records on 

 the 37th, 39th, 40th, 42nd, 43rd, 45th, 47th, 48th, 49th 

 and 50th days. 



Indeed, after the 50th day, these resemblances in 

 behaviour are so numerous, or, in other words, the 

 puppy is so matured, so fully equipped psychically, that 

 much less interest, or at all events importance, attaches 

 to the study of his psychic life. 



INFLUENCES OF ENVIRONMENT. As has been explained, 

 when in the young puppy the eyes are closed, he is 

 very apt to fall asleep, and if all the stimuli through the 

 sensory organs were cut off, consciousness would be re- 

 duced to a minimum, if it existed at all. On the other 

 hand, as illustrating the influence of the environment, 

 in special ways, on the early psychic life of the puppy, 

 the reader is referred to records in the diary on the 

 23rd, 26th, 33rd, 45th, 46th, 47th, and 49th days among 

 others. There is not space for comment. 



KEASONING. I do not propose to enter into the 

 controversy as to whether animals not possessed of 

 articulate language can reason, or whether we should 

 name the process corresponding to that in man, 

 " inference." 



That man can reason in a way that animals lower 

 in the scale cannot, is certain, but that much that we 

 assume to be of a higher order in the mind of man, and 

 perhaps consider reasoning of this higher order, differs 

 in no essential point from psychic processes in animals, 

 I am convinced, after many years' close observation 

 alike of animals and man, including the working of my 

 own mind, which, after all, is the final court of appeal 

 for oneself. When, on the 41st day, the puppy 

 scrapes away the sawdust, and then some days later, 

 repeating the act, tries one spot with the head, not 



