166 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 



quite comfortable, and which certainly requires no 

 " reasoning " to explain ? 



ASSOCIATED KEFLEXES. When referring to reflexes 

 in general, I omitted to call attention to certain pheno- 

 mena which seem to me unquestionably of this character, 

 e.g. on the 23rd day, when one puppy licks the other 

 after feeding, as is always the case, it is observed to 

 place its paws on the head of the other, and spread the 

 toes exactly as in sucking the mother, when it places 

 its paws against the mammary glands, and so in other 

 instances. The association in one kind of use of the 

 mouth (sucking) is made with another kind as licking, 

 etc. 



EXPERIENCE. Any one who without prejudice watches 

 any young animal, cannot fail to be impressed with the 

 readiness with which, within certain natural limits, it 

 profits by its experience ; and this is one of the lessons 

 of the diary of these puppies, evident in all directions, 

 instinct included. As one instance, among many, I 

 refer the reader to the advance noted in regard to the 

 bones on the 59th and 61st days, and the entire be- 

 haviour of the puppies in the yard, on "that day. The 

 manner in which they acted, as if they were well ac- 

 quainted with the yard, the various ways in which their 

 movements and actions suggested the old dog, illustrated 

 to me in a way, that was somewhat of a surprise, the 

 readiness with which they availed themselves of every 

 experience, and quickly worked it into their nature. 



THE MYSTERIOUS. That dogs do, in some fashion, 

 recognise causation, and are puzzled by its apparent 

 absence, seems to be beyond doubt. 



The earliest manifestation of this I have noted on the 

 38th day, in connection with dangling a bright chain ; 

 nevertheless, this is not to my mind a clear case. 



INDIVIDUALITY. From time to time reference has 

 been made to individual differences, both psychic and 



