172 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 



and without prejudice, believing that, whatever their 

 defects, they constitute the most complete account of 

 the subject, published to date. 



SOME CONCLUSIONS. The dog is born blind and 

 deaf. He possibly smells and tastes feebly, but this 

 is difficult of demonstration ; but in any case he smells, 

 tastes, has tactile and muscular sensations, the tempera- 

 ture sense, and can experience pain before he can 

 either see or hear. 



The eyes are open before the ears, but seeing objects 

 does not correspond in time with the opening of the 

 eyelids, which is gradual, the result of processes of 

 growth and absorption. Hearing follows sooner on 

 complete opening of the ears than seeing on opening of 

 the eyes. 



There is progressive improvement in both seeing and 

 hearing. 



Both begin about the 17th day, and are in a high 

 state of perfection about the 30th day, hearing being, 

 upon the whole, rather more rapid in development. 



Smell and taste are demonstrable on the 13th day, 

 and are well developed about the 30th day. 



Newly born dogs are very much affected unfavour- 

 ably by a temperature below a certain moderate point 

 (50 or 60 F.), and are capable from the first of such 

 movements as enable them to avail themselves of the 

 heat from the mother's body. 



They give evidence of feeling hunger, and are capable 

 of making certain slow movements at birth. 



They find the teats chiefly, if not wholly, by touch, 

 and continue sucking in consequence of the satisfaction 

 of the appetite for food. 



Up to about the 20th day puppies are very readily 

 fatigued, and incapable of attention to anything for 

 more than a very few seconds at one time. 



They early show an appreciation of any decided 



