THE PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG ANIMALS 217 



reached, and the puppies are then very readily startled 

 by noises, i.e. they are reflexly greatly affected through 

 the ear, much more so than through the eye. This 

 fact has been very strongly impressed on my own 

 mind again and again. 



As regards voluntary movements, there were differ- 

 ences to be noted. The mongrel seemed the sooner 

 to gain control over the hind limbs. The same may 

 be said of tail movements. Though one could not 

 trace so general a development in the mongrel as in 

 the St Bernards by a certain period, the former had 

 the greater power over his tail, both as regards variety 

 and vigour of movement, especially the latter. 



There was a comparatively sudden development in 

 this mongrel which I can scarcely think is common, 

 but, in regard to this point, I must speak cautiously 

 till further exact observations are made, as I do not 

 wish to make statements of mere general impressions, 

 with no definite basis of observation. 



The movement of the ears especially, though others 

 also fall into this class, following on noises, are purely 

 reflex, and constitute one of the most delicate and 

 early evidences of hearing, but, as in the case of the 

 pure-bred puppies, concussions are earlier and more 

 readily effective than sounds. 



While both the pure-bred dogs and the mongrel 

 recognise a change in surroundings, and are affected 

 by it, herein lies one of the great differences between 

 them alike in puppyhood and in after life. 



One may compare the man "well born," and sur- 

 rounded by conditions that tend to form the gentleman 

 in the completest sense of the term, with the pure-bred 

 dog, just as the mongrel represents the peasant, whose 

 ancestors and whose surroundings alike are against the 

 highest attainments. 



The mongrel lacks all that refinement, modesty, 



