ARTIFICIAL WARMTH. 



413 



As a contrast, we have the oil-lamp of Esquimaux-land, 

 where there is no provision for ventilation, where the snow- 

 houses are tightly closed and crammed with inhabitants, and 

 where no one seems to need fresh air. 



The next step in civilisation is to construct a tube for the 

 purpose of carrying off the smoke, such as we know by the 

 name of chimney or flue, and to place the fire within it. We 

 Engli sh people have an ingrained love for the open fireplace, and 

 though it really is an expensive arrangement, it is worth the cost. 

 Granting that it carries much of the heat into the chimney 

 instead of throwing it into the room, it has at least the advan- 

 tage of acting as a ventilator, of ejecting air which has been 

 rendered poisonous by respiration, and drawing a fresh supply 

 from the outer atmosphere. 



In some parts of the world, especially in Germany and the 

 United States, the place of the open fire is taken by closed 

 stoves, without any ventilation whatever, much to the discom- 

 fiture of ordinary Englishmen. Still, there are buildings, such 

 as public halls and places of worship, in which open fireplaces 

 are wholly impracticable, and where it is, therefore, necessary 

 to make use of the stove. 



It need hardly be said that in such cases tbe chief object is 

 to procure the greatest amount of heat with the least expendi- 



GILLS OF SHARK. 



GILLS OF TROUT. 



ture of fue^ and that object seems to be best attained by the 

 Laminated Stove shown on the right hand of the illustration. 



In this stove, the outer surface, instead of being plain, is 

 divided into a number of perpendicular plates, which are heated 



