PAPER-MAKING. 



473 



the waste of sugar-cane, sawdust, &c. Straw has already been 

 successfully used, and so has Esparto grass. 



Some years ago, when there was a scarcity of material for 

 paper- making, the well-known Grass-wrack of our shores 

 (Zostera marina) was brought into partial use. I believe, 

 however, that the experiment was not a successful one. The 

 Chinese make their paper of bamboo, macerating and pounding 

 it until ^t is reduced to a pulp, and then shaken into fibres in 

 a mould. 



With us, white paper, such as is used by the writer, printer, 



NEST OF HORNET. 

 NEST OF TREE-WASP. 



PAPER-MAKING. 

 PAPER. 



or artist, is made almost exclusively of cotton or linen rags. 

 Upwards of a hundred and twenty thousand tons weight of 

 rags are annually consumed in this country for the manufacture 

 of paper. After being bleached, they are torn and ground into 

 a pulp, which is then handed over to the actual maker. 



The illustration represents paper-making by hand, a process 

 which is now rarely used, except for special kinds of paper. 

 Omitting technical details, the mode of paper-making by hand 

 is as follows : The pulp being prepared, the workman takes a 

 "mould," i.e. a frame with a bottom of closely woven wire. 



