Appetence and Emotion. 383 



softly. Such a whistle would generally bring him bounding 

 to your feet. But now it is apparently unheard. The two 

 dogs have a short scuffle, and the cur slinks off. Your dog 

 races after him ; but after a few minutes returns, jumps 

 up at you playfully, and then lies down again on the grass. 

 But every now and then, for ten minutes or so, he raises 

 his head and growls softly. 



Let us briefly analyze the dog's actions, reading into 

 them, conjecturally, the accompaniments in consciousness. 

 As he lies on the lawn, he receives a sense-stimulus, 

 auditory or olfactory, which gives rise to the construction 

 of the percept dog (perhaps particularized through olfactory 

 discrimination). About the formation of constructs or per- 

 cepts, however, we have already said enough ; we have 

 now to consider their effects. The head is raised, the ears 

 pricked, and so on. The dog is on the alert. His attention 

 is roused. What are the physiological effects ? Certain 

 motor-activities or tendencies to activity. These are of 

 two kinds first, in connection with the sense-organs, the 

 muscles of which are brought into play in such a way as 

 to bring the organs to bear upon the exciting object ; 

 secondly, in connection with many other muscles, which 

 are innervated, so as to be ready to act rapidly and 

 forcibly. The first motor-effect, that on the muscles of 

 the sense-organs, is a very characteristic physical con- 

 comitant of the psychological state which we term " atten- 

 tion ; " the second effect, the incipient innervation of 

 muscles likely to be called into play, is equally charac- 

 teristic of the psychological state we call alertness. 



Meanwhile an emotional state is rising in the mind of 

 the dog. We may call it, conjecturally, anger and com- 

 bativeness. But what we name it does not much signify 

 for our present purpose. It has a growing tendency to 

 work itself out in a series of definitely directed actions. 

 And this reaches its point of culmination when the dog 

 rushes through the hedge and stands with bared teeth 

 before his antagonist. A whole set of appropriate muscles 

 are now strongly innervated. There is probably a double 



