3QO Animal Life and Intelligence. 



fulfilment. So close is this connection, that the assumption 

 of the appropriate attitude will conjure up a faint revival 

 of the associated emotion. Let any one stand with squared 

 shoulders, clenched fists, and set muscles, and he will find 

 the respiration affected, and perhaps also the heart-beat, 

 and will experience a faint revival of the emotion of anger. 

 Very different will be his feelings as he reseats himself, 

 abandons his limbs to a posture of leisurely repose, and 

 allows a pleasant smile to steal over his features. 



The next point to notice about these emotions is that 

 they are to a large extent instinctive, and are evidenced in 

 the infant at so early a period that individual acquisition 

 is out of the question. In any case, the basis of sensibility 

 is innate. As Mr. Sully says,* " There are instinctive 

 capacities of emotion of different kinds, answering to such 

 well-marked classes of feeling as fear, anger, and love. 

 These emotions arise uniformly when the appropriate cir- 

 cumstances occur, and for the most part very early in life. 

 Thus there is an instinctive disposition in the child to feel 

 in the particular way known as anger or resentment when 

 he is annoyed or injured." 



In this, as in other cases of instinctive action, of which 

 we shall have more to say in the next chapter, it is, of 

 course, impossible to say for certain how far the activities 

 observed are associated w r ith psychological states. The 

 activities are undoubtedly instinctive. And their perform- 

 ance by an adult would be accompanied by an emotional 

 state. It is, therefore, probable that in the very young 

 child they have their emotional concomitants. Still, we 

 must remember that oft-repeated actions tend to become 

 automatic, that the accompanying consciousness sinks into 

 evanescence, and that it is, therefore, possible that the 

 emotional state may not have that vividness which the 

 activities seem to bespeak. 



There only remains, before passing on to consider the 

 feelings and emotions of animals, to indicate what Mr. 

 Sully terms f "the three orders of emotion." The first 



* " Outlines of Psychology," p. 481. f Ibid. p. 494. 



