Appetence and Emotion. 405 



wrong," says my friend. But not improbably the associa- 

 tion in Tim's mind is a direct one between a nap on that 

 chair and his master's displeasure. What Tim knows is, 

 perhaps, not that he has done wrong, but that he will 

 "catch it." It is the expectation of a reproof, or some- 

 thing more, that gives rise to his look of conscious guilt. 

 In the same way, the look of " conscious rectitude " we 

 often see in some dogs may be due to the anticipation of 

 a word of commendation. And, in general, I fancy that the 

 association in an animal's mind is between the perform- 

 ance of a given act and the occurrence of certain con- 

 sequences. When this association becomes definite it must, 

 I imagine, draw after it a dislike of such actions as have 

 been accompanied by evil consequences, and a delight in 

 such actions as have been accompanied by pleasant con- 

 sequences. And eventually this dislike or delight is trans- 

 ferred from his own actions to the similar actions of others. 

 Thus dogs punish their puppies for acts of uncleanliness, 

 while cats are even more particular in this respect. A 

 correspondent in Nature * gives a case of a cat chastising 

 by a violent blow with her paw her kitten, who was about 

 to enjoy a herring which had been set down before the 

 fire to keep hot. So, too, according to Mr. Darwin,t " when 

 the baboons in Abyssinia plunder a garden, they silently 

 follow their leader, and, if an imprudent young animal 

 makes a noise, he receives a slap from the others to teach 

 him silence and obedience." And Mr. Schaub com- 

 municated to Professor Nipher } a case of a black-and-tan 

 terrier bitch, whose pup had stolen a stocking from his 

 bedroom, and who followed the young offender, took the 

 stocking from him, and returned it to the owner. Her 

 action gave evidence, he says, of displeasure at the action 

 of the pup. And Mr. Schaub contrived to have the offence 

 committed on many successive mornings, the same per- 

 formance being repeated each time. 



* Mr. Alexander Mackennal, vol. xxi. p. 397. 



f " Descent of Man," pt. i. chap, iii., quoted from Brehm's " Thierleben." 



J Nature, vol. xxviii. p. 32. 



