STRUCTURES IN LANDSCAPE 197 



use in the design. Some may dominate a view and offer a protected 

 and shaded place from which the view may be enjoyed. Such shelters 

 were called gazebos in the Dutch and English gardens. Some shelters 

 may be so arranged that it would be convenient to serve tea or other 

 refreshment in them. This is likely to be an incidental function on a 

 private place, but in public parks structures are often built primarily 

 for this purpose. Some structures offer a shaded passageway from 

 one part of the design to another. This is more particularly the func- 

 tion of the pergola, although in our modern parlance almost any struc- 

 ture that has an open vine-clad roof goes by this name. Some structures 

 may be built to protect or shelter a small object of importance. We 

 build shelters, for instance, over springs, or memorials of some historic 

 event, or as protection for some piece of sculpture. In our private 

 estates, and very commonly as well in parks, the ostensible fitting of a 

 structure to any of these uses is often merely a method of giving it 

 an apparent function and so making it seem more necessary and there- 

 fore more desirable and important in the design. In many cases, how- 

 ever, the primary reason for the building of one of these structures is 

 that the designer feels the esthetic need of an architectural object in 

 that particular place in the composition. It may repeat the architec- 

 tural effect of the main building and so mark the limit of the defined 

 or formalized portion of the scheme ; for instance, a shelter may termi- 

 nate a vista or allee cut through woods ; it may lie on the farther side 

 of an informal open space, but, being on the continuation of the main 

 axis of the building, it may make more apparent the axial relation of the 

 open space to the main structure. (See Drawing XXXI, opp. p. 268.) 

 Frequently these structures may be connected with the walls of a 

 garden or other inclosed area, either marking an important point, 

 usually an axial point, in this wall, or perhaps giving solidity to a corner. 

 In larger schemes, the pleasure structure may dominate its own sub- 

 ordinate portion of the design, standing for instance at the intersection 

 of two allies in a bosquet, or in a naturalistic park dominating its own 

 little glade in the woods. Fundamentally these structures are serving 

 three purposes : they mark out and strengthen the man-made scheme, 

 of which, in a private estate, the house is the focus ; they unify 

 the scheme by repetition of the effect of the dominant architectural 



