THE APPLES OF NEW YORK. 13 



ditions came that the culture of ornamental trees and shrubs was intro- 

 duced. * * * The catalogues from 1815 to 1850 ranked among the 

 standard horticultural publications of the country. * * * The cata- 

 logue of 1845 which enumerates only the best varieties, contains 350 vari- 

 ties of apples." 



At about the middle of the last century the nursery trade began 

 to be more active. Instead of planting seedling orchards, it became 

 a common practice to plant orchards with grafted trees from the 

 nurseries. Large nurseries became more numerous, especially in 

 the interior of the state, where Rochester, Geneva, Dansville and 

 some other places became quite important centers of the nursery 

 trade. 



Development of Commercial Orchards. As transportation facil- 

 ities gradually improved by the opening of canals and railways the 

 farmers in many interior localities found that they could send their 

 fruit to other than local markets and receive profitable returns. 

 Accordingly commercial orcharding began to attract attention, espe- 

 cially in regions which were found to be naturally favorable to the 

 production of good apples. From 1850 to 1860 the number of com- 

 mercial orchards which were, planted increased rapidly, particularly 

 in Western New York, and continued to increase thereafter till 

 commercial apple orcharding assumed the important place which it 

 now holds in the horticultural interests of the state. 



With the development of the commercial apple interests the losses 

 from the depredations of the codlin moth and other insects, also from 

 the apple scab and other fungous diseases, became relatively more 

 important. Commonly the causes of the losses which were sus- 

 tained were not very well understood, and in those cases that were 

 understood there appeared no practical remedy. Because of these 

 and other difficulties which faced them some orchardists eventually 

 became so discouraged at the outlook that in the decade from 1880 

 to 1890 they began to cut down their commercial apple orchards. 

 The practical use in the apple orchard of paris green and other 

 arsenical poisons against the codlin moth, the canker worm and 

 other leaf-eating insects originated for the most part in Western 

 New York in the decade from 1870 to iSSo. 1 The use of fungicidal 



1 Lodeman, Spraying of Plants: 61-64. 



Hooker, C. M. Spraying Apple Orchards. Proc. 49 An. Meet. W. N. Y. Hort. Socy., 

 Rochester, 1904: 131. 



