THE APPLES OF NEW YORK. 23 



example, certain apples are known to develop peculiarly different char- 

 acters when grown in different regions, as has already been noticed. 

 This occurs regardless of where the plants of the particular variety in 

 question were obtained. The fruit of Yellow Bellflower as grown in 

 Washington is more elongated and more angular than that from New 

 York; Grimes grown in the Missouri valley is a larger, better colored 

 and better flavored fruit than Grimes grown in New York; Fameuse de- 

 velops deeper and more brilliant red color in the valley of the St. Law- 

 rence than it does in the valley of the Genesee; Roxbury is more russeted 

 when grown in Southeastern Ohio than when grown in New England. 1 

 These differences hold true with so many individual trees and in so many 

 different orchards in the regions named that they are not satisfactorily 

 accounted for on the assumption that they are due to variations in the 

 buds or scions from which the stock was propagated. They must be 

 attributed to peculiar local differences in environment. There are many 

 other differences among orchard varieties in habit of tree, color of fruit 

 and in other particulars, which are known to be due to differences in 

 environment, because they are not transmitted by propagation. 



VARIETIES ARE PLASTIC YET DISTINCT. 



in view of what has been said above as to the peculiar influence 

 of environment upon both tree and fruit it is clear that a variety 

 must not be regarded as unchangeable. It is not always and every- 

 where the same. It is plastic. Some are more plastic than others. 

 On the other hand a variety must hold certain peculiar distinguishing 

 characteristics otherwise it is not entitled to be called a variety. 

 Under propagation it must transmit its individuality to such an 

 extent that the different plants thus produced may all bear the same 

 name without confusion. 



APPLE VARIETIES GROUPED. 



The named varieties of apples together with the unnamed 

 seedlings, as has been already noticed, exhibit infinite variations 

 among themselves in the forrn, size, color, flavor and season of 

 the fruit, in the characters of foliage, bark and buds, and in the 

 habit of growth of the tree. In fact they vary so greatly, that 

 they almost defy any attempt to classify them into groups. But 

 when large numbers of varieties are taken into consideration with 

 the idea of studying their resemblances it is sometimes found that 

 a few more or less definite groups may be formed in which the 



1 Warder Am. Pom.: 492. 



