THE APPLES OF NEW YORK. 33 



flower it is often called corrugated. Peculiar fleshy protuberances about 

 the base of the calyx lobes are sometimes technically called mammiform. 

 These are decidedly marked in some Siberian crabapples. 



Skin. Both the color of the fruit and the character of the surface of 

 the skin, as to its being rough or smooth or even russeted, vary more or 

 less with the varying conditions under which the fruit is grown. 



The surface of the skin in some varieties as Mclntosh and Northern 

 Spy is covered with a delicate whitish bloom which is easily rubbed off. 

 In other cases the skin is waxy or oily as in Lowell (Tallow Pippin), Titus, 

 and to some extent in Sutton and Tompkins King. This character which 

 is determined by the sense of touch must not be confused with that de- 

 noted by the term waxen which refers only to the appearance of fruit 

 that looks bright, smooth and clear like wax. The surface may be some- 

 what rough on account of minute capillary russet netted veins as often in 

 Tolman and Hubbardston, or by russet dots, or by both; or it may have 

 more or less of an unbroken russet surface as in various russet apples. 



Russet Skin. Sometimes this character is quite variable as in the case 

 of Roxbury which under some conditions becomes nearly or quite smooth. 

 Sometimes the russet is thin as in Bullock; on other varieties it may be 

 dense or heavy. Very often the cavity is somewhat russeted when the 

 surface of the rest of the apple is smooth, as in Pumpkin Sweet. The 

 russet in the cavity may be nearly unbroken or it may spread out in 

 broken rays when it is sometimes spoken of as radiating or stellate. 



Dots. The dots are sometimes rough to the touch; in some varieties 

 they may be sunken or depressed; again they are visible under the epidermis. 

 In the latter case they may well be called submerged. If they approach a 

 star form they may be called stellate. If they are surrounded by a halo of 

 'A paler or brighter color they may be called areolar. They are in some cases 

 decidedly conspicuous as in Westfield, Blue Pearmain and Red Canada or 

 inconspicuous in others. They may vary from large to very small even on 

 the same fruit ; often they are scattering toward the base of the apple, and 

 often smaller and numerous towards its apex. In certain varieties some of 

 the dots are elongated. With Red Canada, Baldwin and Esopus Spitzenburg 

 elongated dots are often seen on the base of the fruit along lines radiating 

 from the cavity. 



Suture. Sometimes suture lines extend from the base towards or to 

 the apex as is often seen in Tolman. 



Pubescence. In some varieties there is a noticeable amount of fuzz or 

 pubescence on and about the calyx. 



Color. The fruit may be striped with one or more shades of red. If 

 it is not striped it may be called self-colored. A fruit may have a bronzed 

 or blushed cheek and still be classed as self-colored in distinction from 

 striped apples. It has already been remarked that the amount of color 

 will vary on fruits of the same variety in different locations and in differ- 

 ent seasons. In some cases trees of certain varieties have been known 

 to bear a crop one season with no trace of red appearing on any of the 

 fruit and in following seasons show a noticeable blush or red stripe on 

 the fruit. When the overlying color is broken it may be designated by 

 the term mottled or by any other suitable expression. The shorter stripes 

 are often spoken of as splashes, The term blush in distinction from 



