20 G. S. CALLENDER 



and the consequent dependence of these colonies on other com- 

 munities for food and raw material, which provided New Eng- 

 land and the middle colonies with their most important mar- 

 ket. In exactly the same way the introduction and spread of 

 cotton and sugar culture into the southern part of the Missis- 

 sippi valley led to a division of labor between the planters of 

 the south and the farmers of the north, and gave rise to an 

 important trade in agricultural produce upon the western 

 rivers of the same character as that which went up and down 

 the Atlantic coast during colonial times between the northern 

 colonies and the West Indies. 



The development of this trade between the cotton planters 

 and the farmers began with the first introduction of cotton 

 culture into South Carolina and Georgia. Ramsey tells us 

 that down to about 1793, when cotton began to be raised in 

 South Carolina, that state produced both wheat and corn for 

 export. By 1807, however, the greater profit to be earned in 

 the production of cotton had attracted labor and capital to 

 that industry, and the state was importing both wheat and 

 corn. Olmsted said in 1856: "The slave labor of the state 

 [South Carolina] is almost exclusively devoted to the culture 

 of cotton and rice. Live stock, meat, corn, breadstuffs, and 

 forage, though the soil and climate of a large part are entirely 

 favorable to that production, are very largely imported; and 

 for nearly all sorts of skilfully manufactured goods the people 

 are quite dependent on the free states. Trade and skilled 

 labor of all sorts is mainly in the hands of persons from the 

 free states or foreign countries." Live stock was raised in 

 great numbers in the back country of the southern colonies 

 in the eighteenth century, and was a considerable item of 

 export; but, after the introduction of cotton culture, horses, 

 mules, and swine were imported into these states from Ken- 

 tucky and Tennessee. This trade had become very large by 

 1825, and played a considerable part in the discussion over 

 the tariff and nullification in the years following. In the 

 southwest the same tendency to concentrate attention upon 

 the two great staple products, sugar and cotton, and to pro- 

 cure food and other supplies from the north, showed itself 

 even more strongly than in the east. Flint says of Louisiana 



