THE CONDUCT OF INDUSTRIES 327 



gerous effects, indicated that there, nevertheless, may be 

 found peaceful and righteous methods of settlement, so that 

 the outcome may, in the end, cause important and desirable 

 improvements in the methods of conduct of business, and 

 bring about better conditions of life and work for the pro- 

 testants against the older conditions. 



The organization of the union has been already modified 

 by these events, and a revolt against lawless and unfair 

 methods of prosecution of the purposes of the organization 

 itself has been consequent upon these unhappy experiences. 

 Unions had been long in existence, both in the United States 

 and in Great Britain, which had recognized the inherent wrong 

 in strikes, lockouts, and especially the evasion or infraction of 

 the law and the provocation of disorder and attacks on the 

 rights of the citizen. Law and order above all had been the 

 motto of a considerable number of such unions, where the 

 most intelligent and patriotic and prudent of employees had 

 been banded together for the peaceful accomplishment of 

 rightful purposes. Their constitutions and by-laws had 

 sometimes explicitly declared for correct moral, legal, and 

 economic methods. All the older and most successful unions 

 had long exhibited a tendency in this direction, and the 

 greater their experience and the more intelligent and skillful 

 their administration, the less the frequency of resort to force 

 or to compulsory bargaining. In one case, that of a union 

 formed after the close of the struggle just described, the organi- 

 zation was incorporated, and its articles of incorporation in- 

 clude this declaration of principles : 



"This association shall encourage industry, economy, 

 thrift, and honesty among its members; maintain amicable 

 relations between employees and employers of labor; assist 

 its members in obtaining the highest wages consistent with 

 the general good of all concerned; promote all forms of pro- 

 ductive industry and increase the employment of labor at 

 good wages; prevent unjust and unreasonable discrimination 

 against any of its members by any person, combination, or 

 conspiracy to prevent such members from securing employ- 

 ment in any branch of industry, and protect and defend its 

 members against any and all attempts by any person or com- 



