4 CHARLES KIRCHOFF 



manganese, bauxite, whetstone, and coal; Missouri, lead, zinc, 

 iron ore and clays ; Ohio has coal, petroleum, natural gas, clays, 

 grindstones, salt, and iron ore ; Michigan, copper, iron ore, coal, 

 cement, grindstones, clay, limestone, and salt; Illinois, coal; 

 Indiana, natural gas, coal, petroleum, whetstones, and clays; 

 Wisconsin, iron ore, lead, and zinc; Iowa, clays and lead; 

 Kansas, lead, zinc, coal, natural gas, salt, and gypsum; Indian 

 Territory, coal ; South Dakota, gold, copper and lead • Wyom- 

 ing, petroleum, coal, copper, salt and iron ore ; Colorado, gold, 

 silver, lead, copper, petroleum, coal, and iron ; Utah, gold, sil- 

 ver, lead, coal, iron and sulphur ; Montana, copper, silver, gold 

 and sapphires; Idaho, lead, gold and silver; Oregon, gold, cop- 

 per, and silver; Washington, coal, iron ore, lead, and silver; 

 Arizona is famous for copper, silver and gold ; New Mexico for 

 coal, iron ore, copper, and silver ; Nevada for silver, gold, and 

 copper, and California for gold, copper, quicksilver, petroleum, 

 borax, asphaltum, magnesite, and stone. 



As the pioneers penetrated into our country they caught 

 some glimpses of these treasures. The Jesuit fathers in the 

 reports of their journeys in 1659 and 1660, mention the copper 

 of Lake Superior, and Le Sueur, in his explorations of the 

 Mississippi at the commencement of the eighteenth century 

 noticed the lead deposits of that region. Copper was mined in 

 Connecticut and in New Jersey, and iron manufacture began 

 in New England and in Virginia at about that time, but it was 

 not until the end of the eighteenth century that iron, lead, 

 and copper mining were carried on on a fairly comprehensive 

 scale. Coal was mined in the vicinity of Richmond from 1770 

 to 1780. In 1820 the first cargo of anthracite reached Phila- 

 delphia, while in 1833 and 1834 Virginia, North Carolina, 

 South Carolina, and Georgia were in the zenith of a gold mining 

 boom which resulted in an annual product of about $600,000. 

 The year 1844 saw the opening of the Lake Superior copper 

 region, and then in 1848 came the famous California gold ex- 

 citement, followed by gold mining in Oregon in 1852, in Ari- 

 zona in 1858, in Colorado in 1859, in Idaho and Montana in 

 1860. Iron mining on Lake Superior began in 1856. In 1859 

 came the discovery of the Comstock lode, which created an 

 enormous activity in silver mining and led to the opening of 



