FIFTY YEARS OF AMERICAN SCIENCE 21 



the thousand aboriginal tribes in the stage of maternal or- 

 ganization, and the remaining third ranging through transi- 

 tional conditions of such sort as to show the course of de- 

 velopment. At the same time, he found inbred traditions 

 of territorial organization shaping habit and thought in the 

 milhon immigrants and visitors from monarchical nations; 

 and he alone had constantly before him the object lesson 

 of governmental control despite — and indeed by virtue of — 

 intellectual and social and political freedom. Our physical 

 progress has been great because invention is encouraged 

 by free institutions; our progress in geology has been rapid 

 by reason of intellectual freedom and a vast domain; while 

 our progress in anthropology has been marvelous because 

 of the elevated point of view and an incomparable range of 

 t3T)es both of blood and of activity. 



The main movements made way for others, especially 

 in connection with the aborigines; the sources of aesthetics 

 and ethics have been successfully sought, the early steps 

 in the course of industrial development have been traced, the 

 beginnings of law have been analyzed, and the course of 

 human development has been brought to light; and it is now 

 known that the lines of human progress in the arts and in- 

 dustries, in sociology, in language, and in thought are con- 

 vergent, rather than divergent like the lines of development 

 among beasts and plants, and that the unification of ideas by 

 telegraph and telephone and press is but a ripple marking 

 the course of the great stream of human activity. The con- 

 vergent Unes of progress suggest multiplicity of cradle places 

 for the American tribes, as recently expounded by Powell, 

 and still more for mankind in general. Endogamy and ex- 

 ogamy have been defined, in the light of careful observa- 

 tion, as correlative regulations among given peoples rather 

 than developmental stages; matriarchy has been show^n to 

 be the complement of patriarchy, and not a rival of avuncular 

 control; while the trite "marriage by capture" has been re- 

 duced to due place as an incidental development rather than 

 a primitive condition of mating. Meantime, a sound basis 

 has been given to American archaeology, as attested by 

 the award of the first Loubat prize to Holmes in recogni- 



