420 TWING B. WIGGINS 



in two valuable papers read before the American Academy of 

 medicine in 1864, pointed out the history and best method of 

 preventing trichina spiralis in men. Dr. Oliver Wendell 

 Holmes, in 1843, proved that puerperal fever was contagious, 

 and Dr. Thomas C. Minor, of Cincinnati, later proved the con- 

 nection between puerperal fever and erysipelas. Dr. William 

 Horner, of Philadelphia, first detected the fact that the rice 

 water discharges of Asiatic cholera resulted from the stripping 

 of the epithelium of the small intestines. Our present knowl- 

 edge of dysentery was greatly helped by the encyclopedic work 

 on ''Camp Diseases of the Civil War" published in 1864 by Dr. 

 J. J. Woodward. Early in the nineteenth century Dr. Gerhard 

 first clearly pointed out the essential connection of hydro- 

 cephalus with tubercles of the pia mater and the dependence 

 of the former upon the latter. At about the same period Dr. 

 James Jackson wrote a paper upon the subject of a prolonged 

 expiratory sound in the clavicular region as an early sign of the 

 first stage of phthisis. Dr. C. M. Pennock, of Philadelphia, was 

 the first to use a flexible tube stethescope which was afterward 

 improved by Dr. Camman of New York into the binaural 

 stethescope in use at present. The condition now known as 

 irritable heart, resulting from prolonged and violent exercise, 

 was first recognized by Dr. Henry Stille, of Philadelphia. Dr. 

 Da Costa afterward traced its connection with organic disease 

 of the organ, and from a study of 300 cases, showed that it 

 resulted also from exhausting diseases and from strains and 

 blows. He also made more exact our knowledge of the action 

 of remedies on the heart, and called attention to forced res- 

 piration in diagnosticating diseases of the chest. Dr. Austin 

 Flint called the attention of the profession to the value of vari- 

 ations of pitch elicited on percussion, as an aid in recognizing 

 diseases of the heart and lungs. 



Dr. Alonzo Clark, of New York, first described the method 

 of determining the boundaries of the heart by auscultatory 

 percussion. The way for modern laryngology was opened by 

 the practice and writing of Dr. Horace Green, of New York, long 

 before the laryngoscopic mirror was discovered. The value of 

 the expectant treatment in delirium tremens was first proved 

 by Dr. John Ware, of Boston, and is still practiced. Dr. J. K. 



