ACHIEVEMENTS OF SURGERY 431 



Amos Twitchell (1781-1850), of Keene, New Hampshire, 

 i first tied the common carotid for secondary hemorrhage in 

 1807, and had a favorable result. 



Valentine Mott (1785-1865), tied the innominate artery 

 for the first time in 1818, but his patient died, as we know now, 

 of sepsis. In 1827 he successfully ligated the common iliac 

 artery. 



Benjamin Winslow Dudley (1785-1870) , of Lexington, Ken- 

 tucky, performed more than one hundred lithotomies without 

 a death, and reported 207 lithotomies with only six deaths. 

 He first trephined successfully for epilepsy (1819). He after- 

 w^ards reported six successful cases. 



Jacob Randolph (1796-1848), of Philadelphia, first per- 

 formed lithotripsy, or the crushing of a stone within the blad- 

 der, in 1831. His operations were bloodless and almost uni- 

 formly successful. 



Nathan Ryno Smith, the son of Nathan Smith, of New 

 Hampshire, invented special instruments for lithotomy, which 

 he performed more than two hundred and fifty times success- 

 fully. He invented and taught special methods of treating 

 fractures of the lower extremities. 



Joseph Pancoast (1805-1882), of Philadelphia, first suc- 

 cessfully operated for extrophy of the bladder, and published 

 an account of the same in 1859. He was the author of a trea- 

 tise on operative surgery which went through a number of 

 editions and possessed great orignality. 



Joseph C. Nott (1804-1873), of Mobile, Alabama, first 

 removed the cocc>rx (1832) for coccydynia. 



Samuel D. Gross (1805-1884), is not to be overlooked in 

 this enumeration, although he is less known for his special 

 achievement than for the general advance along the whole 

 borderland of surgery made in his hands and under his di- 

 rection. His surgery was influential in this country and widely 

 read abroad. Following the suggestion of his preceptor, Joseph 

 K. Swift, of Easton, Pennsylvania, he first used extension ap- 

 paratus in the treatment of fractures. 



Paul Fitzsimmons Eve (1806-1877), of Nashville, Tenn., 

 was a remarkably successful lithotomist. He used tendon of 

 the deer as ligatures. 



