432 BAYARD HOLMES 



John Watson (1807-1862), of New York, advanced the 

 borderland of surgery, and especially first successfully per- 

 formed esophagotomy for the removal of a foreign body in the 

 gullet. 



Frank Hastings Hamilton (1813-1886), first suggested and 

 practiced skin grafting and invented and introduced many new 

 methods of treating fractures and dislocations, and published 

 a monumental and practical work upon this subject which 

 went through many editions in English and was translated 

 into every European and some Asiatic languages. 



James Rushmore Wood (1816-1882), of New York, first 

 made a total resection of the under jaw (1856) for phosphorous 

 necrosis, and secured the complete regeneration of the jaw from 

 the periosteum. 



John Murray Carnochan (1817-1887), of New York, first 

 ligated the femoral artery for elephantiasis, and in 1850 re- 

 sected the second branch of the facial nerve for neuralgia, and 

 made a complete resection of the ulna in 1853. He ligated 

 both carotid arteries for hypertrophy of the tongue, and was 

 known as Valentine Mott's most distinguished pupil. 



Daniel Brainard (1812-1866), of Chicago, first performed 

 subcutaneous osteotomy for ankylosis (1854) and secured union 

 in ununited fractures by the use of bone nails. 



WiUiam Detmold (1808-1895), of New York, first practiced 

 subcutaneous tenotomy, and in 1850 opened a brain abscess 

 located in the region of the speech center. 



Lewis A. Sayre (1820), of New York, was the first advo- 

 cate of the plaster of Paris jacket and cast in immobolizing 

 the body and affected limb in cases of tuberculous disease of the 

 vertebra and other bones or joints. His diagnosis was based 

 upon novel features and tests, and the early treatment which 

 it secured has saved thousands and established the method 

 throughout the world. His work is probably as well recog- 

 nized and credited as that of any American surgeon. 



J. Marion Sims (1813-1883), of South Carolina, was the 

 founder and practically the inventor of modern gynecology. 

 He first succeeded in closing a vesico-vaginal fistula, which 

 had been looked upon as an incurable condition, in 1849, and 

 from this time on made many conquests in gynecological pro- 



