ACHIEVEMENTS OF SURGERY 433 



cedures, even going so far as to extirpate the uterus for begin- 

 ning malignant disease. He invented and introduced man}' 

 instruments, established a hospital for the study and treatment 

 of the diseases of women, and practically forced upon the world 

 an organization of the department of surgery kno\\Ti as gyne- 

 cology. 



Henry O. Marcy, of Boston, introduced the buried absorb- 

 able suture in the special form of the tendon of animals. 



Rupture of the urinary bladder, which has become ss 

 common an accident with the prevalence of heavy machinery 

 and railway freight handling, was first successfully treated by 

 suture by Dr. Walter, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1863. 

 He closed a two inch rupture and the patient, a young man of 

 twenty years, recovered. 



Americans have done much to perfect the surgery- of the 

 kidney and ureter. M. L. Harris, of Chicago, devised an instru- 

 ment to separate the urine from the two kidneys and Howard 

 Kelly, of Baltimore, introduced the ureteral catheters; Chris- 

 tian Fenger of Chicago, and Weller Van Hook added much 

 to surgery of the ureter. 



The stimulus which ovariotomy gave to abdominal sur- 

 gery led many American investigators to more or less valuable 

 achievements. The work of these investigators is frequently 

 so mixed and divided that it is difficult to give credit to in- 

 dividual achievement. Charles T. Parks, of Chicago (1842- 

 1891), experimented in 1882 and 1884 on gunshot and other 

 penetrating wounds of the intestine, and successfully practiced 

 intestinal suture in his clinic. Nicholas Senn, of Milwaukee, 

 repeated these experiments in the Milwaukee hospital. M. E. 

 Connell, observing the protracted operation necessary to secure 

 imperfect union of the bowel by the Czemy-Lembert method, 

 even in the hands of so skillful an operator, conceived of a lat- 

 eral anastomosis, using for that purpose lead plates fastened 

 together by through and through sutures. These plates were 

 afterwards improved upon by Senn, who put forth his decal- 

 cified bone plates. J. B. Murphy, of Chicago, modified this 

 method of apposition by the use of the button, which he invented 

 and which he advised for lateral, end to end, and other forms 

 of opening one viscus into another. While these particular 



Vol. 7-28 



