150 EMIL MUNSTERBERG 



tern, while in Baltimore new ordinances went into effect in 

 1900. In general there is a strong tendency to take away from 

 cities and counties the care for two classes of dependents, 

 children and the insane. Several states have introduced an 

 exclusively state system for unprotected children, and require 

 that the insane be placed in state institutions. The relation 

 of the states to one another causes considerable difficulty 

 because, as in Switzerland, the laws of the states are so unlike. 

 In most of the states there exist settlement laws according to 

 which a settlement or residence for a certain time obliges the 

 township to provide relief. As a rule an unqualified residence 

 for a certain time suffices; and this period in eleven western 

 states is from one to six months, in nine states one year, in 

 Virginia three years; while in some states, as in Connecticut, 

 New York, Ohio, the condition of self support, and in some 

 states, as Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, the possession of 

 property, is required. In ten states there is no requirement 

 for settlement, while in two others it is merely necessary that 

 the person concerned has come within the state boundary in 

 order to receive public aid. Very strict regulations exist in 

 relation to the removal of dependents. Persons without 

 settlement are sent away as quickly as possible. Persons who 

 receive aid outside of their settlement are generally relieved 

 temporarily, and then sent back to the place of their settle- 

 ment at the cost of the city or county. 



The difficulties growing out of this situation, which in- 

 crease with the extension of the means of transportation, and 

 have occupied public thought frequently, have been in recent 

 years repeatedly the topic of discussions in the National con- 

 ferences. Reports in 1898 and 1899 were made, a part of which 

 treated immigration from outside of America, while the other 

 dealt with interstate migration and settlement in the relations 

 of American states to one another. The prohibitions of immi- 

 gration, which are exclusively the affair of congress, and which 

 date from an earlier period (1882 and 1885), exclude persons 

 from entering America without means, as well as foreign labor- 

 ers under contract with employers. The movement against 

 the admission of immigrants and in favor of widening the pro- 

 hibition of immigration is closely connected with the burden of 



