Preface 



his kingdom has injured the zoologist in many 

 ways. If man is the product of evolution, and 

 all life belongs to one grand series, though with 

 many branches, the lower and incomplete mani- 

 festation should be viewed in the light of man's 

 structure and powers as well as the converse. 

 Failure to recognize this truth has sometimes 

 made our science one-sided and narrow. 



Meanwhile many have discussed the evolution 

 of family, society, morals, and religion who have 

 not fully recognized the complexity of the prob- 

 lem. Some have looked at man entirely in the 

 light of lower animals, almost as if he were a 

 mere clam or worm, and have formed theories 

 of human evolution adequate only to these lower 

 forms. We have had many " gladiatorial theo- 

 ries " in spite of Professor Huxley's warning. 

 Others, recognizing more clearly man's unique 

 position, have practically discarded all laws of 

 evolution applicable to lower forms. Some such 

 writers have almost neglected the power of natu- 

 ral selection. 



The great body of thinkers and workers have 

 little interest or care for facts or theories of 

 zoology which do not seem evidently related to 

 human life. The anatomy of worms and the 



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