SHRUBS AND TREES. 125 



feet high, cutting their leaders out so as to leave a tier of branches 

 as nearly as possible at the same height on the four trees. The 

 following year see to it that none of these upper branches turn up 

 to make leaders, and if necessary tie them down to a horizontal 

 direction. By attending to this for two years the top tier of 

 shoots will make a horizontal growth, which will meet in a few 

 years over head, and form a table-like top of foliage. But to 

 insure this effect, the tree must be watched for some years to 

 prevent any strong shoots from taking an upward lead, and 

 thus draw the sap away from the horizontal branches. After 

 these have met over head, and form a sufficient shade, the part 

 above may be allowed to grow as it will. The check and 

 change in the growth of the trees by such manipulation, carried 

 on for several years, insures a novel and picturesque form for 

 the group that will be permanent. As the white pine attains great 

 size at maturity, it is not well to attempt such an arbor on quite 

 small grounds. 



Deciduous trees being more subject to insects on their foliage, 

 are less desirable than evergreens for these uses, but they spread 

 at the top more rapidly, can be more quickly grown to the re- 

 quired forms, and are covered at certain seasons with beautiful 

 and fragrant blossoms ; so that in variety of attractions some of 

 them are unequalled by any evergreens. The latter wear through- 

 out the year the beauty of constant cheerfulness, while the former, 

 with the changing seasons, are alternately barren of graces, or 

 bending with foliage and glowing with blossoms. 



For archways there are no finer deciduous trees than the 

 English hawthorns, and the double flowering scarlet thorn, Crcete- 

 gus cocdnnea flore plena. They can be planted at the sides of foot- 

 path, gates, in the same manner as recommended for the hemlock, 

 and it will only be necessary to trim them on the inside, so as to 

 keep the opening unincumbered ; as the hawthorns bloom best on 

 their extended garland-like branches. But they should be trimmed 

 enough to prevent any decidedly straggling outline, to show that 

 they are intended as artificial adaptations for a purpose. Fig. 37 

 shows a suitable form for a hawthorn arch. 



For bowers, or umbrageous groups surrounded by open sunny 



