126 ARTIFICIAL ADAPTATIONS OF 



ground, the same form suggested for hemlocks and pines is adapted 

 to the hawthorns ; viz., planting in a square or circle so that the 

 interior can be used for a cool summer resort for smoking or read- 

 ing, a place to take tea, or a children's play- 

 FIG. 37. house. A dense canopy of leaves forms the 



coolest of shades in the hot hours of summer 

 days. To form such a canopy with hawthorns 

 will require about ten years, and may be 

 made by planting six trees in a hexagonal 

 form. All our readers may not remember 

 that if they make a circle of any radius, 

 that radius applied from point to point on 

 'he circle will mark the six points of a hexa- 

 gon. The following varieties of hawthorn are 

 recommended for five of these places, viz. : the common white, 

 Crategus oxycantha, the pink flowered, C. 0. rosea, the dark red, 

 C. o. punicea, the double red, C. o. punicea flore plena, the double 

 white, C. o. multiplex, and for the sixth the double scarlet thorn, 

 C. cocdnnea flore plena. These will in time make a bower of 

 exquisite beauty in the time of bloom, and of such full and glossy 

 foliage that it will have great beauty during all the leafy season. 

 After such bowers are well thickened overhead by the annual 

 cutting back of the rankest upright growth, they are interesting 

 objects even in winter, by the masses of snow borne on their flat 

 tops, and the contrast presented between the deep shadows under 

 them, and the brightness of the snow around. 



Some gardeners object to the use of the hawthorn in this coun- 

 try, on account of its alleged liability to the attacks of a borer that 

 injures the trunk, and the aphis which attacks the leaves. We 

 shall not advise to refrain from planting it on this account, believ- 

 ing that if planted in deep good soils, and the ground beneath 

 kept clean, it will usually make so vigorous a growth as to 

 repel the attacks of these insects, which usually choose feeble 

 and stunted trees to work in. The hawthorns are all bushy 

 when young, and their development into overarching trees will 

 be somewhat slower than that of the following deciduous trees. 

 The sassafras is eminently adapted to form a useful bower of 



