BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH COLONIZATION 49 



Under Cromwell it was proposed to colonize the Pacific with 

 indentured vagrants and felons, who, when their indentures 

 expired, were to receive small grants of land. 1 Under 

 Charles II, Sir J. Keyling, C.J., made this policy of punishment 

 and reformation habitual, while Samuel Fortrey, John Pollex- 

 fen, and Sir Josiah Child popularized and exaggerated the 

 theories of Bodin and Sully. Bad men were sent out, not out 

 of cynical levity, but in obedience to a fixed idea, which per- 

 vaded France and Germany as well as England, that good men 

 could not be spared, that change of air was good for moral 

 invalids, and that Europe suffered from anaemia, and must 

 be purged but not bled. On the American continent there 

 was a demand for resident labourers, which sometimes 

 succeeded in making English practice contradict English 

 theory. In Newfoundland there was no such demand until 

 the eighteenth century, and economic law did not thwart the 

 dreams and designs of philosophers and politicians. On the 

 other hand, temporary fishermen in Newfoundland often 

 became permanent citizens in New England, so that New- 

 foundland became the half-open door through which labourers 

 emigrated to America, and the joint needs of Newfoundland 

 and America set legislative restrictions at defiance. 



Colonization belongs not merely to commerce and to ( 3 ) O f 

 theories of population, but to national politics. The duel ^"^ 

 between England and Spain was over. Between Englishmen rivalry 

 and Dutchmen an industrial competition began to prevail, 

 which at times resembled, or even degenerated into war. 

 But Anglo-French rivalry in colonial and commercial ex- 

 pansion proved persistent, insistent, and internecine, and was 

 ever present to the imagination both of English and of French 

 colonizers in North-east America. 



In the first chapter of the history of colonization in North- Fiance 

 east America, France was first in the field, and its designs 



1 Br. Mus., Egerton MSS. 2395, fol. 202. 



VOL. V. PT. IV IT 



