ILLISTRATIOXS. 



PLATES. 



I'age. 

 Plate I. Fig. 1. — Main building, Royal Poniological School, Geisenheiin, 

 Germany. Fig. 2. — Giant tree of Pifrm (Sorbnx) domestir<i, 



Taunu.'i, ( »ennany 14 



II. Fig. 1.— Cider ai)i)le trees by the roadside, Normamly, France. 



Fig. 2. — Glimpse into an old pear orchard, Normandy 20- 



II I. Types of cider apple trees in Normandy, France 22 



IV. Homes of peasant cider makers in Normandy, France 24 



V. Fig. 1. — Train loaded with cider apples in sacks, France. Fig. 2. — 



Ox cart used for hauling apples in Germany 48 



VI. Fig. 1. — Itinerant cider makers at work in streets; straw used in 

 building up cheese, Rennes, France. Fig. 2. — Similar outfit 



mounted for travel, waiting for a job, Trouville, France 58 



VII. Fig. 1. — Butleigh Court, Somersetshire, Englaml, seat of English 

 cider experiment station. Fig. 2. — The cider orchard at But- 

 leigh Court 74 



TEXT FIGURES. 



Fig. 1. — Bin made of hurdles for outdoor storage of apples, used in England. 50 



2. — The ' ' tour a auge ' ' apple crusher, Normandy, France 51 



3. — Primitive apple grater in use in Germany 54 



4. — Pri]nitive single-lever cider press in use in Germany 55 



5. — Primitive double-lever cider press in use in Germany 55 



6.— The "greif " apple crusher of Germany 56 



7. — Slotted bottom of hopper used in "greif" machine 57 



8. — "Greif" ai)ple crusher — sectional view of hojtper 58 



9. — Crushing cylinders of the "greif" machine 59 



10. — Fermentation and storage room, Noel system, France (iO 



11. — Vertical section of factory of the "Union Agricole," St. ()nen-de- 



Thouberville, near Rouen, France 63 



12. — Ground plan of factory of the " Union Agricole " G4 



13. — Vertical cross section of small German cider factory with arched 



cellars , 70 



14. — Vertical cross section of two-story German cider i-ellar 71 



15. — Noel device for ventilating fermentation casks 82 



16. — German earthenware ventilating funnel — vertical section 83 



17. — Glycerin ventilating funnel , 84 



18. — Bent ventilating tube 85 



19. — Noel ventilating bung 85 



20. — Device for maintaining covering layer of carbon dioxid as cider is 



withdrawn 103 



21. — Device for charging casks with carbon dioxid in storage cellar 104 



22. — Device for burning sulphur match in casks 104 



23. — Linen sack gravity filter 105 



24. — Cellulose power filter used in Germany 106 



25.— Asbestos sack filter—" Filtre Maignen " 107 



26. — Asbestos gravity filter 108 



9 



