sect, ix.] INTRODUCTION. 45 



A curious specimen, apparently a male, having the colour of hdice 

 was kindly shewn me by Mr F. H. Waterhouse. The light marks 

 which in the female are present on the dark borders of the fore-wing 

 are only represented by one minute light mark on each fore-wing. 



In most if not all of the edusa group of Colias, there is a pale 

 aberration of the female, corresponding to the helice variety of < zdusa. 

 Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc, 1880, p. 134. In the same paper is a full account 

 of the geographical distribution of the several species and colour-varieties 

 of Colias. 



Colias hyale (Pale Clouded Yellow) is normally sulphur-coloured. 

 Nearly white varieties and a variety with the field rich sulphur colour, 

 and the apical marginal patches red, are recorded in several works. 



2. Gonepteryx rhamni (The Brimstone) is sulphur-yellow in the 

 male, and greenish-white in the female. There is a spot in each wing, 

 and the scales covering this on the upper side are bright orange. 



Gonepteryx cleopatra, a S. European species, is like the above 

 in the hind-wings, while the field of the fore-wings is flushed with 

 orange of exactly the tint of that on the spots of G. rhamni. 



There are several records in entomological literature alleging the 

 capture of "G. cleopatra" in Britain, e.g. Proc. Ent. Soc., 1887, p. xliii. 



In addition to these there are records of specimens of G. rhamni 

 more or less flushed with orange ; e.g., a specimen at Aldershot with 

 orange spots on fore-wings as in cleopatra, Proc. Ent. Soc, 1885, 

 p. xxiv. Mr Jenner "Weir said he had seen a specimen in Ingall's 

 collection, intermediate between rhamni and cleopatra. ibid. 



A male of G. rhamni taken at Beckenham had the costal margin 

 of each fore-wing broadly but unequally suffused with bright rose- 

 colour or scarlet, and the right posterior wing was marked in like 

 manner. The insect was thus marked when captured. Bicknell, 

 Proc. Ent. Soc, 1871, p. xviii. 



3. Anthocharis (Euchloe) cardamines (The Orange Tip), in the male 

 has the fore-wings tipped with orange on both sides, while in the 

 female these orange tips are absent. The field in both is white In 

 entomological literature are many records of variations in the extent 

 and depth of the orange markings on upper or under side, or both 

 (cp. Zoologist, xiii. 4562; Proc Ent. Soc, 1S70, p. ii. ; Mosley, 

 Illustrations of British Lepidoptera ; Haworth ; Boisduval ami many 

 others), but with these we are not immediately concerned. 



A specimen is figured in which the orange spots were completely 

 represented by yellow. Mosley, Illustrated Brit. Lep. 



The white of the field is replaced by primrose or lemon yellow in 

 several Continental forms. These have been described as species 

 under the names eupheno, belia, euphenoides, gruneri, &c. 



A local variety of A. eupheno is described from Mogador, where it 

 was found common at a little distance from the town. The female 

 was much larger than the type, resembling the male in markings and 

 in shape of the fore-wings. The orange blotch, instead of being con- 

 fined to tip of the fore-wing as normally, extends to the discoidal spot 

 and is usually bounded by a black band, sometimes suffusing the whole 

 tip of the wing. The colour of the field varies from pure white to pale 

 lemon: the hind-wings are always yellower than in the type, in some 



