ROADSIDE CONTROL 259 



public apathy, fight uglification, and help create a more beautiful 

 America. 



ERLING D. SOLBERG. Roadside zoning regulations may be applied 

 by local and State governments and perhaps by Federal agencies. 

 Regulations may include use, setback, building height, design, and 

 other regulations needed to attain desired objectives. 



Roadside zoning at local levels is often ineffective. Local govern- 

 ments are badly fragmented but the roads go through. Regulations 

 are ineffective, due to local pressures. Zoning is not retroactive and 

 cannot correct mistakes that occur before zoning. Zoning powers 

 are permissive rather than mandatory. Many local governments 

 fail to zone. Although three-fourths of our 3,000 counties have 

 zoning powers, less than 450 have zoned. Also, only about 10 per- 

 cent of the Nation's 17,000 organized towns or townships have 

 zoned. 



Zoning regulations are applied directly by nearly a dozen States, 

 usually for local areas. Zoning regulations, applied either by the 

 State legislature or by selected State agencies, are found in Florida, 

 Kansas, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and 

 Hawaii, among other States. 



Hawaii empowers and directs a State land use commission to 

 place all land in the islands in one or another of four kinds of zoning 

 districts agricultural, conservation, rural, and urban. Counties 

 may apply additional zoning regulations in all districts except con- 

 servation, but their regulations must not conflict with those applied 

 by the State zoning ordinance. 



Direct zoning by the State occurs where State interests are directly 

 affected by local land use, major zoning benefits are nonlocal, a State 

 agency benefits materially, or local zoning is ineffective. 



Among recent Federal promptings of local zoning are a 1964 act, 

 which empowers the Secretary of the Interior to withhold sale of 

 certain lands pending adoption of suitable local zoning ordinances, 

 and two bills, H.R. 797 and S. 897, 89th Congress, 1st session, which 

 respectively propose creation of a national recreational area in Trinity 

 County, Calif., and Saint Croix National Scenic Waterway in Minne- 

 sota and Wisconsin. Both bills propose suspension of eminent do- 

 main powers so long as an applicable local zoning ordinance, 

 approved by the Federal administrator, is in force. But such sus- 

 pension shall cease if any property is subjected to a zoning variance, 

 exception, or use in violation of the approved zoning ordinance. 



