i8o THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE 



assistance; and charts of pressures, winds, and other meteoro- 

 logical elements for use by the flying forces of both the army 

 and navy. Much credit is due to Professor Dickson for fore- 

 seeing, and to his large staff of assistants for supplying, a wide 

 range of geographic needs of Britain's fighting machine. 



But it was not alone in the Admiralty that geographic work 

 for war purposes was being prosecuted, although we have seen 

 that Professor Dickson found a better opening there than in 

 the War Office. The Department of Military Intelligence of 

 the latter bureau included in its complex organization the 

 Geographic Section of the General Staff, whose chief was 

 Colonel W. C. Hedley, and under whose direction were pre- 

 pared the countless maps upon which the British armies fought 

 their way to victory. It was this same geographic section which 

 also prepared many of the maps used at the Peace Conference. 

 In the various branches of the Department of Military Intelli- 

 gence professional historians, geographers, and other experts, 

 commissioned as officers of the General Staff, were busy 

 throughout the war studying frontier and other geographical 

 problems; and at the Peace Conference they contributed their 

 part to the making of the treaties. Among the younger geo- 

 graphers well known to Americans was Captain A. S. Ogilvie, 

 who was recalled from the Balkans where he had utilized his 

 special training in making new maps for the military forces, to 

 become an active participant at Paris in the geographical work 

 of delimiting the new frontiers of Europe. 



The Royal Geographical Society, always more closely in 

 touch with its Government than is commonly the case with the 

 geographical societies of America, set for itself tasks of no 

 small magnitude. Thus under the direction of its President, 

 Sir Thomas Holdich, the Society undertook the preparation 

 of a topographic map of Europe and the Near East on a scale 

 of I :i,ooo,ooo, a similar map*of Africa on a scale of i 12,000,000 

 and a map of Asia on a scale of 1 :5,ooo,ooo. These maps were 

 designed for various uses by the War Office, and for certain 

 of the peace conference work. For the Foreign Office the 



