PSYCHOLOGY 355 



partment of the army through the National Research Council. 

 This was rendered possible by the breadth of view, faith, and 

 optimism of Colonel Victor C. Vaughan, Colonel William H. 

 Welch, and Surgeon General William C. Gorgas. The second 

 important contact, made a little later, was with the Adjutant 

 General of the Army. This was due to the insight and energy, 

 as well as the faith and enterprise, of Colonel W. D. Scott, 

 Doctor E. L. Thorndike, Mr. F. W. Keppel, later Third As- 

 sistant Secretary of War, Secretary of War Baker and General 

 McCain. Almost simultaneously relations were established 

 with the navy through the National Research Council which en- 

 abled Doctor, subsequently Lieutenant Commander, Raymond 

 Dodge to serve that branch of the military organization to 

 excellent advantage over a period of nearly two years. 



Thus during July, August, and September of 1917 the psy- 

 chological war organization of the country was transformed 

 into an effective military organization. It is true that psycholo- 

 gists were used both in the Medical Department of the army 

 and in the office of the Adjutant General as civilians, but in 

 the majority of cases the active members of the profession were 

 ultimately given military appointment either in the army or 

 the navy. 



Viewed in retrospect the three principal lines of psycho- 

 logical service are: psychological examining, conducted under 

 the direction of the Surgeon General of the Army and affecting 

 all arms of the military service; the classification of personnel 

 in the army, conducted under the Adjutant General, and sim- 

 ilarly affecting the entire army; and, finally, the study of spe- 

 cial psychological problems in the army and the navy. The 

 principal achievements of psychologists in the military service 

 will be presented in the following chapter under these three 

 heads. 



It would be almost as unfair to the army and the navy as 

 to the psychologists of the country to make it appear that the 

 development of really important service in this entirely untried 

 field of application was agreeably easy. Instead it was at many 



