235] NORTH AMERICAN MONOSTOMES 17 



"Enten Sp. 54, Cylindri-formed, columnar, walzenformig." "Zween 

 erhabene Punkte in der Mundoffnung, Festucaria anatis." "Goeze Eingew. 

 174 tab. 13, figs. 8-11; in Enten." 



Gmelin (1790) classifies the same worm as Fasciola anatis. Zeder (1800) 

 renames the genus Festucaria, Monostoma, and includes under the name 

 the following species; 



Monostoma elaphi 



Monostoma prismaticum 



Monostoma ocreatum 



Monostoma mutabile 



Monostoma verrucosum 



Monostoma bombynae 



In the same work the species of Schrank (Festucaria anatis} (Fasciola of 

 Gmelin) is described as an Echinostome (Distoma anatis). Rudolphi (1801) 

 recognized the same genus Festucaria Schrank with Monostoma Zeder as 

 a synonym and later in the same paper (p. 62) stated that he permits the 

 name Festucaria to stand even though Zeder had proposed a new one. 

 This name he retained until 1809 when he rejects it for the denomination 

 of Zeder which he says "omnino praeferenda sit." In his later paper 

 (1819) Rudolphi still adhered to the genus name of Zeder. Subsequent to 

 this time helminthologists have accepted without comment the genus 

 Monostoma of Zeder. Consequently Hoyle (1888) designated Monostoma 

 mutabile as type of this genus. Four years later Brandes (1892) in his 

 Revision der Monostomiden grouped together what he believed to be 

 members of this genus, "als gute Arten," Monostoma mutabile Zeder, M. 

 flavum Mehlis, M . arcuatum Brandes, M. tringae Brandes and M. ellipti- 

 cum Rudolphi and suggested their separation from the remaining species 

 under the name Cyclocoelum with the following diagnosis: "Diese flinf 

 Spezies scheinen ihrer Organisation und Lebensweise nach zusammenzu- 

 gehoren, jedenfalls die ersten 4, die sammtlich in der Leibes- oder Infra- 

 orbital-hohle von Wasservogeln schmarotzen, wahrend M. ellipticum in 

 der Lunge von Rana maculata gefunden wurde, * * * . Die Enden der 

 Darmschenkel mit einander verschmelzen, sodass der Darmtractus einem 

 Ring darstellt." Looss (1899) accepted the revision of Brandes and 

 named M . mutabile as type of the genus of Brandes. Later in the same 

 notable work the author used the term Monostomidae to characterize a 

 certain group of worms. But his contemporary Luhe (1900) in a re- 

 view of the work of Looss objected on the ground of the nomenclature law 

 to the use of the family name Monostomidae without a type genus Mono- 

 stoma and called attention to the priority of the "vollig verschollenen" 

 genus Festucaria Schrank. One year later Looss (1901) in explanation 

 and confirmation of his earlier work showed by elimination that Mono- 

 stomum prismaticum is type of the genus Monostoma Zeder. In regard to 



