ORDER LONGIPENNES. 35 



tion off New England; casual on the Pacific coast south to Cali- 

 fornia; accidental in Manitoba, Iowa, Illinois, and Florida. 



FAMILY LARID2E. GULLS AND TERNS. 



SUBFAMILY LARINJE. GULLS. 



GENUS PAGOPHILA KAUP. 



Pagophila KAUP, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 69. Type, 

 by monotypy, Larus eburneus PHIPPS = L. albus GUNNEEUS. 



Pagophila alba (GUNNERUS). Ivory Gull. [39.] 



Larus albus GUNNERUS, in LEEM'S Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 285 (note). 

 (Northern Norway.) 



RANGE. Arctic seas. Breeds in high Arctic latitudes from Melville 

 Island and northern Baffin Land to northern Greenland, and on Arctic 

 islands of Eastern Hemisphere; winters in the Arctic regions and cas- 

 ually south to British Columbia, Lake Ontario, and Long Island; in 

 Europe south to France. 



GENUS RISSA STEPHENS. 



Rissa STEPHENS, General Zoology, XIII, 1826, 180. Type, by monotypy, 

 Rissa brunnichii STEPHENS = Larus tridactylus LINN^JUS. 



Rissa tridactyla (LINNJSUS). 



RANGE. Coasts and islands of the colder parts of the Northern 

 Hemisphere, south in winter to the Mediterranean, the Canaries, Ber- 

 muda, and Lower California. 



a. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (LINN^JUS). Kittiwake. [40.] 



Larus tridactylus LINN^US, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136. (Great 

 Britain?) 



RANGE. Arctic regions. Breeds from Wellington Channel and northern 

 Greenland south to Gulf of St. Lawrence, and from Arctic islands of Europe 

 and western Siberia to southern France; winters from Gulf of St. Lawrence 



