MODERN FARRIER. 115 



5. The shoe should not he fullered, but holes 

 punched out sufficiently large to bury the head of 

 the nails. This renders the shoe stronger and more 

 secure. 



6. An ordinary saddle-horse will require a weight 

 of shoe and nails from 12 to 14 ounces; but a mo- 

 derate sized coach-horse will require from 18 to 20 

 ounces. 



7. In shoeing a hollow sole, the heels should be 

 pared low, and the quarters rasped. 



8. When the sole is flat, and the wall thin and 

 w«ak, the heels must not be pared, but the toe 

 should be kept short. The shoe must be broader 

 than usual, and adapted in some measure to the 

 convexity of the sole. Tlie surface of the shoe next 

 the ground should also be flat, by bevelling it from 

 the outer edge of the web to the inward edge, so as to 

 leave a sufficient space between the shoe and the sole. 



9. All changes in the form of the shoe should be 

 made gradually. 



10. In order to preserve the shape of a colt's foot, 

 the shoe should be full sized, and new ones put on 

 every month. 



11. The sole of the foot should never, in any case, 

 come in contact with the shoe. 



12. The frog should, in almost eveiy case, be al- 

 lowed to come in contact with the ground. 



Pattern shoes may be made for a good foot; but 

 ■every general rule must vary according to the effects 

 that may have been produced by bad shoeing or 

 disease. 



67. Casting. 



There are several tedious and painful operations 

 that we are sometimes obliged to perform, and which 

 it would be difficult, or impossible to execute, were 

 the animal left at full liberty to resist us. It is, 

 therefore, necessary to render ourselves completely 



